Background

Codonopsis pilosula possesses properties related to nourishing the spleen and stomach, and tonifying qi of stomach and mind in traditional Chinese medicine. Polysaccharides, which are the primary active components of C. pilosula, are thought to be in charge of their extensive use. Now, a systematic summary structural and bioactivities diversity of polysaccharide from C. pilosula (CPs) are necessary to address their future aspects and application.

Scope and approach

In this review, the extraction and purification methods, structural features and bioactivities diversity of CPs are summarized and discussed. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) is also analyzed and discussed.

Key findings and Conclusions

Boiling water extraction, ultrasonic extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis and microwave methods, subcritical water extraction and accelerated solvent extraction are used for extracting CPs. Among them, water extraction and alcohol precipitation method is the most frequently used one. Around 15 neutral fractions and 25 acidic fractions were purified from different species of C. pilosula, while only few of them were well characterized. CPs exhibited various biological activities, including immunomodulation, antitumor, prebiotics, antifatigue, antiviral, antioxidation activity. However, most of bioactivities reported were based on crude CPs; in vivo studies of purified CPs and the potential mechanisms need to be extensively investigated. SAR illustrates that chemical and enzymatic modification of CPs could significantly increase the bioactivity of CPs, but other impact factors on SAR such as water solubility, molecular weight and chain information are still unknown.

中文翻译：

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党参多糖的前景：结构特征和生物活性的多样性

背景

党参具有中药补脾胃，补脾胃之功效。多糖（C. pilosula）的主要活性成分被认为可以广泛使用。现在，有必要系统地总结来自C. pilosula（CPs）多糖的结构和生物活性，以解决它们的未来问题和应用。

范围和方法

本文综述和讨论了CP的提取和纯化方法，结构特征和生物活性多样性。构效关系（SAR）也进行了分析和讨论。

主要发现和结论

沸点萃取使用沸水萃取，超声萃取，酶水解和微波法，亚临界水萃取和加速溶剂萃取。其中，水提取和酒精沉淀法是最常用的一种。从不同种的C. pilosula中纯化了大约15个中性馏分和25个酸性馏分，而其中只有少数被很好地表征。CPs具有多种生物学活性，包括免疫调节，抗肿瘤，益生元，抗疲劳，抗病毒，抗氧化活性。但是，报告的大多数生物活性均基于粗制CP。体内纯化CP的研究及其潜在机理需要广泛研究。SAR表明，CP的化学和酶促修饰可以显着提高CP的生物活性，但是对SAR的其他影响因素（如水溶性，分子量和链信息）仍然未知。