Passenger cars account for most road transportation emissions, and almost half of overall transport sector emissions in the EU. Countries in Europe have established policies to achieve emissions reductions in the transport sector by incentivizing the acquisition of fuel-efficient vehicles. In this paper, we perform a pair-wise comparison of common passenger vehicles sold in 2017, which implements newer data and more realistic assumptions than an earlier study. The pair-wise study compares an electric vehicle (EV) against a similar combustion vehicle to simulate a real market choice for consumers—a method commonly used to elicit preferences—and shows that fiscal incentives are effective at increasing EV acquisition. Acquiring EVs over conventional vehicles alone contributes to about a 60% reduction per kilometer of well-to-wheel emissions, based on average emissions of new EU vehicle fleets in 2017. A second mechanism at reducing emissions in the transport sector is through incentivizing consumer charging behavior to use less carbon intense electricity. The electricity used to charge EVs is variable throughout a day; therefore, we propose a dynamic pricing mechanism dependent on the carbon intensity of the electricity grid. We do this analysis through a case study for Portugal using the entire country’s public charging demands from 2017. The responsiveness of the users to the variable price is reflected by the market price elasticity of demand, and the resulting reduction in demand from the surcharge is approximated. Our study finds that a surcharging mechanism based on the carbon intensity of the electric grid can yield an emissions reduction of 20 tonnes per year while still achieving profits.

在欧盟，乘用车占大多数道路运输排放量，几乎占整个运输部门排放量的一半。欧洲国家制定了政策，以鼓励购买节油车辆来实现交通运输部门的减排。在本文中，我们对2017年售出的普通乘用车进行了成对比较，与以前的研究相比，它采用了更新的数据和更现实的假设。这项成对研究将电动汽车（EV）与类似的燃烧汽车进行了比较，以模拟消费者的实际市场选择（一种通常用于引起偏好的方法），并显示出财政激励措施可以有效地增加电动汽车的购置量。仅在常规车辆上购买电动汽车，每公里的轮对车轮排放量就可减少约60％，基于2017年欧盟新车队的平均排放量。减少交通运输部门排放量的第二个机制是通过激励消费者充电行为来使用碳强度较低的电力。用于为电动汽车充电的电量在一天中会发生变化；因此，我们提出了一种动态定价机制，该机制取决于电网的碳强度。我们通过使用葡萄牙自2017年以来的全国公共收费需求的案例研究进行此分析。用户对可变价格的反应能力通过需求的市场价格弹性反映出来，附加费导致的需求减少量近似。