Abstract The varying performance of safety and hygiene control practices by chain actors can influence the consistent production of milk of good quality and safety in dairy chains. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate if differences in safety and hygiene control practices translate into distinctions in milk quality and safety at the farm, and to analyse the implications for actors further in the Tanzanian dairy chain. A previously developed diagnostic tool, customised for emerging dairy chains, was applied to assess and differentiate the performance of safety and hygiene control practices of actors from the farm to local retail shops. Based on interviews and on-site visits, each safety and hygiene control practice were differentiated into a poor, basic, intermediate or standard level. Milk samples were collected with a 7-day interval over three-time points to determine total bacterial counts (TBC), coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus. Besides, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) occurrence was determined in farm milk as an indication of feed storage and monitoring practices. Data showed that none of the chain actors attained the standard level on any of the safety and hygiene control practices. Cluster analysis of on-farm safety and hygiene control practices generated two clusters, which differed mainly on the scores for udder and teat care, and disease detection practices. Differences in safety and hygiene control practices observed among farmers did not translate into differences in milk quality and safety. The analysis for AFM1 showed that 22% exceeded the maximum limit of the United States Food and Drug Authority Standard. Also, the microbial data showed that the farm milk already exceeded maximum limits of the East Africa Community (EAC) standard to the extent that no continued growth was observed further in the chain. The study demonstrates that improvements in milk quality and safety would require multiple practices to be upgraded to the standard level. Research is needed to advance the performance of control practices towards compliance with international standard requirements.

中文翻译：

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新兴乳品链中微生物安全和黄曲霉毒素 M1 的安全和卫生控制实践差异的影响：坦桑尼亚案例

摘要 链参与者在安全和卫生控制实践方面的不同表现会影响乳品链中优质和安全牛奶的一致生产。因此，该研究旨在调查安全和卫生控制实践的差异是否会转化为农场牛奶质量和安全的差异，并进一步分析对坦桑尼亚奶业链中参与者的影响。先前开发的诊断工具是为新兴乳品连锁店定制的，用于评估和区分从农场到当地零售店的参与者的安全和卫生控制实践的表现。根据访谈和现场访问，将每种安全和卫生控制实践分为差、基本、中或标准三个级别。在三个时间点以 7 天的间隔收集牛奶样品，以确定细菌总数 (TBC)、大肠菌群和金黄色葡萄球菌。此外，在农场牛奶中测定了黄曲霉毒素 M1 (AFM1) 的出现，作为饲料储存和监测实践的指标。数据显示，没有一家连锁经营者达到任何安全和卫生控制措施的标准水平。农场安全和卫生控制实践的聚类分析产生了两个聚类，主要区别在于乳房和乳头护理的分数以及疾病检测实践。在农民中观察到的安全和卫生控制实践的差异并没有转化为牛奶质量和安全的差异。AFM1 的分析表明 22% 超过了美国食品和药物管理局标准的最大限制。还，微生物数据显示，农场牛奶已经超过了东非共同体 (EAC) 标准的最大限制，以至于在链中没有观察到进一步的增长。该研究表明，牛奶质量和安全性的提高需要将多种做法升级到标准水平。需要开展研究以推动控制实践的绩效，使其符合国际标准要求。