Abstract Temporal water storage is a fundamental component of the terrestrial water cycle. Methods of estimating water storage variations are often limited to specific, well-monitored locations, and/or system scales. Thus, measures of storage from small systems can be difficult to compare to large systems. Here we compare three independent methods of estimating water storage variations for systems spanning over three orders of magnitude in basin area: 1) remote satellite observations (GRACE), 2) hydrograph recession curve analysis, and 3) quantifying precipitation-discharge hysteresis loops. We measured storage using all three methods for 242 watersheds in Asia (103 to 106 km2) and find that GRACE-derived storage correlates well with quantification of hysteresis terms but recession curve derived dynamic storage does not correlate with hysteresis terms or GRACE-derived storage. Thus, we argue that precipitation-discharge hysteresis may be able to be scaled to GRACE-derived storage as an independent estimate of storage for basins as small as 103 km2. Hysteresis-derived storage correlates well with mean monsoon rainfall in the upstream watershed while recession-derived dynamic storage does not. This suggests that hysteresis- and GRACE-derived storage may be input limited. In contrast, recession-derived dynamic storage does not correlate with topographic, climatic, or land cover metrics, suggesting that it may be limited by the rate at which water infiltrates into deep groundwater and then enters the river system. In addition, we find that recession-derived dynamic storage is a factor of seven lower than hysteresis-derived storage. We infer that hysteresis-derived storage includes recession curve-derived storage in addition to other storage units, such as snowpack, lakes, and soil moisture. Recession-derived dynamic storage in turn represents the annual variability in deep groundwater storage, a “leaky bucket” that is recharged from the top and “leaks” into rivers from deeper storage. These data may be able to be used to better quantify storage terms in hydrologic modeling.

中文翻译：

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亚洲季风蓄水多项措施

摘要 临时蓄水是陆地水循环的基本组成部分。估算储水量变化的方法通常限于特定的、监控良好的位置和/或系统规模。因此，小系统的存储量度很难与大系统相比较。在这里，我们比较了估计流域区域跨越三个数量级的系统的储水变化的三种独立方法：1) 远程卫星观测 (GRACE)，2) 水文过程线衰退曲线分析，以及 3) 量化降水-排放滞后环。我们使用所有三种方法对亚洲 242 个流域（103 至 106 平方公里）的蓄水量进行了测量，发现 GRACE 衍生的蓄水量与滞后项的量化密切相关，但衰退曲线得出的动态蓄水量与滞后项或 GRACE 衍生的蓄水量无关。因此，我们认为降水-流量滞后可能能够扩展到 GRACE 衍生的存储量，作为小至 103 平方公里的盆地存储量的独立估计。滞后衍生的存储与上游流域的平均季风降雨量相关，而衰退衍生的动态存储则不然。这表明滞后和 GRACE 衍生的存储可能受到输入限制。相比之下，衰退衍生的动态存储与地形、气候或土地覆盖指标无关，这表明它可能受到水渗入深层地下水然后进入河流系统的速度的限制。此外，我们发现衰退衍生的动态存储比滞后衍生的存储低七分之一。我们推断，滞后衍生的存储除了包括积雪、湖泊和土壤水分等其他存储单元之外，还包括衰退曲线衍生的存储。衰退衍生的动态存储反过来代表深层地下水存储的年度变化，一个“漏桶”从顶部补给并从更深的存储“泄漏”到河流中。这些数据可用于更好地量化水文建模中的存储条件。我们发现衰退衍生的动态存储比滞后衍生的存储低七分之一。我们推断，滞后衍生的存储除了包括积雪、湖泊和土壤水分等其他存储单元之外，还包括衰退曲线衍生的存储。衰退衍生的动态存储反过来代表深层地下水存储的年度变化，一个“漏桶”从顶部补给并从更深的存储“泄漏”到河流中。这些数据可用于更好地量化水文建模中的存储条件。我们发现衰退衍生的动态存储比滞后衍生的存储低七分之一。我们推断，滞后衍生的存储除了包括积雪、湖泊和土壤水分等其他存储单元之外，还包括衰退曲线衍生的存储。衰退衍生的动态存储反过来代表深层地下水存储的年度变化，一个“漏桶”从顶部补给并从更深的存储“泄漏”到河流中。这些数据可用于更好地量化水文建模中的存储条件。衰退衍生的动态存储反过来代表深层地下水存储的年度变化，一个“漏桶”从顶部补给并从更深的存储“泄漏”到河流中。这些数据可用于更好地量化水文建模中的存储条件。衰退衍生的动态存储反过来代表深层地下水存储的年度变化，一个“漏桶”从顶部补给并从更深的存储“泄漏”到河流中。这些数据可用于更好地量化水文建模中的存储条件。