Particle matter (PM) has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates across the world. This study was designed to test the hypotheses that pyrotechnic firework displays introduce significant amounts of toxic metals into the atmosphere and are hazardous to human health. Size-selective emissions from 10 different fireworks displays were collected during particle generation in a dynamic, stainless steel chamber and tested for toxicity in cells. A subset of 2 particle types were tested in vivo in mice. At doses that did not produce cytotoxicity in an LDH assay, in vitro reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was measured in bronchial epithelial airway (BEAS-2B) and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial (HPMEC-ST1.6R) cell lines treated with size-fractionated particles from the emissions of fireworks. Significant increases in ROS, in both cell types, were dependent upon the type of firework but not particle size. The in vitro ROS activity was correlated with lung inflammation produced in groups of mice treated by oropharyngeal aspiration with 0, 50, or 100 μg fireworks PM10/mouse. Trace metal analyses of the PM10 samples showed significant differences in metal content among fireworks type. Interestingly, the PM10 sample for the fireworks type producing the greatest in vitro ROS response in BEAS-2B cells contained ~ 40,000 and ~ 12,000 ppm of lead and copper, respectively. This sample also produced the greatest inflammatory response (i.e., increased neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) in mice. These findings demonstrate that pyrotechnic display particles can produce adverse effects in mammalian cells and lungs, thus suggesting that further research is needed to expand our understanding of the contribution of metal content to the adverse health effects of fireworks particles. This information will lead to the manufacture of safer fireworks.

中文翻译：

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烟花散发的颗粒物的毒性。

在世界范围内，颗粒物（PM）与发病率和死亡率增加有关。这项研究旨在检验烟火烟火表演将大量有毒金属排放到大气中并对人体健康有害的假设。在动态不锈钢腔室内生成颗粒期间，收集了来自10个不同烟火表演的大小选择性排放物，并测试了细胞毒性。在小鼠体内测试了2种颗粒类型的子集。在LDH分析中未产生细胞毒性的剂量下，在经大小调整处理的支气管上皮气道（BEAS-2B）和人肺微血管内皮（HPMEC-ST1.6R）细胞系中测量了体外活性氧（ROS）的形成。烟火中产生的微粒。ROS显着增加，在两种细胞类型中，都取决于烟花的类型，而不取决于颗粒大小。体外ROS活性与经口咽抽吸，每只小鼠用0、50或100μg烟火PM10处理的小鼠组中产生的肺部炎症相关。PM10样品的痕量金属分析表明，烟花类型之间的金属含量存在显着差异。有趣的是，在BEAS-2B细胞中产生最大体外ROS响应的烟火类型PM10样品分别含铅和铜，分别约为40,000和12,000 ppm。该样品还在小鼠中产生了最大的炎症反应（即支气管肺泡灌洗液中的中性粒细胞增加）。这些发现表明，烟火展示颗粒会对哺乳动物细胞和肺产生不利影响，因此，建议需要进一步的研究，以扩大我们对金属含量对烟花爆竹颗粒有害健康影响的理解。这些信息将导致制造更安全的烟花。