Tire tread pattern is a crucial parameter to prevent hydroplaning. In this study, numerical modeling was used to investigate tire hydroplaning based on flow–structure interaction. The empirical model of hydroplaning speed published in the literature was used to validate the computational model. Analysis of water flow velocity and turbulent flow energy revealed that lateral grooves of the tire significantly influenced water drainage capacity. Based on the relationship between water flow vector and lateral groove shape, a combination of Kriging surrogate model and simulated annealing algorithm was used to optimize lateral groove design to minimize hydrodynamic lift force. Four geometry parameters of lateral grooves were selected as the design variables. Based on design of experiment principle, 12 simulation cases based on the optimal Latin hypercube design method were used to analyze the influence of design variables on hydrodynamic lift force. The surrogate model was optimized by the simulated annealing algorithm to optimize tire tread pattern. The results indicated that at the same water flow speed, the optimized lateral grooves can reduce hydrodynamic lift force by 14.05% and thus greatly improve safety performance of the tire. This study proves the validity and applicability of using numerical modeling for solving the complex design of tire tread pattern and optimization problem.

中文翻译：

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基于流动特性优化轮胎胎面花纹以提高抗滑水性能

轮胎胎面花纹是防止打滑的关键参数。在这项研究中，数值模型被用来研究基于流动-结构相互作用的轮胎打滑。使用文献中公布的滑水速度经验模型来验证计算模型。对水流速度和湍流能量的分析表明，轮胎的横向花纹沟对排水能力有显着影响。基于水流矢量与侧沟形状之间的关系，结合克里金代理模型和模拟退火算法，优化侧沟设计，以最小化水动力升力。选择横向凹槽的四个几何参数作为设计变量。根据实验原理设计，采用基于最优拉丁超立方设计方法的12个仿真案例，分析了设计变量对水动力升力的影响。通过模拟退火算法优化替代模型以优化轮胎胎面花纹。结果表明，在相同的水流速度下，优化后的横向花纹沟可降低14.05%的流体动力升力，从而大大提高轮胎的安全性能。本研究证明了使用数值建模解决轮胎胎面花纹和优化问题的复杂设计的有效性和适用性。优化的横向花纹沟可降低14.05%的流体动力提升力，从而大大提高轮胎的安全性能。本研究证明了使用数值建模解决轮胎胎面花纹和优化问题的复杂设计的有效性和适用性。优化的横向花纹沟可降低14.05%的流体动力提升力，从而大大提高轮胎的安全性能。本研究证明了使用数值建模解决轮胎胎面花纹和优化问题的复杂设计的有效性和适用性。