Purpose of review 

The role of T cells specific for islet autoantigens is proven in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Recently, there has been rapid expansion in the number of T-cell subsets identified, this has coincided with an increase in the repertoire of reported islet antigens mainly through the discovery of novel epitopes. A discussion of how these marry together is now warranted and timely.

Recent findings 

In this review, we will discuss the autoreactivity against neo-epitopes. We then explore the growing array of T-cell subsets for both CD4⁺ T cells, including follicular and peripheral T helper cells, and CD8⁺ T cells, discussing evolution from naïve to exhausted phenotypes. Finally, we detail how subsets correlate with disease stage and loss of β-cell function and are impacted by immunotherapy.

Summary 

The expanding list of T-cell subsets may be potentially encouraging in terms of elucidating disease mechanisms and have a role as biomarkers for disease progression. Furthermore, T-cell subsets can be used in stratifying patients for clinical trials and for monitoring immunotherapy outcomes. However, the definition of subsets needs to be refined in order to ensure that there is a uniform approach in designating T-cell subset attributes that is globally applied.

中文翻译：

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评估1型糖尿病中的效应T细胞。

审查目的 

胰岛自身抗原特异性T细胞的作用已在1型糖尿病的发病机制中得到证实。近来，已鉴定的T细胞亚群的数量迅速增加，这主要是通过发现新的表位而与报告的胰岛抗原的组成增加有关。现在必须及时讨论它们如何结合在一起。

最近的发现 

在这篇综述中，我们将讨论针对新表位的自身反应性。然后，我们探索CD4 ⁺ T细胞（包括滤泡和外周T辅助细胞以及CD8 ⁺ T细胞）的T细胞亚群的增长阵列，讨论了从单纯表型到精疲力竭的表型的演变过程。最后，我们详细介绍了亚型如何与疾病阶段和β细胞功能丧失相关，并受到免疫疗法的影响。

概要 

在阐明疾病机制方面，不断扩大的T细胞亚群可能会令人鼓舞，并具有作为疾病进展的生物标记物的作用。此外，T细胞亚群可用于对患者进行分层以进行临床试验和监测免疫疗法的结果。但是，需要完善子集的定义，以确保在指定全局应用的T细胞子集属性时采用统一的方法。