Abstract This work describes the preparation and characterization of different guar gum (GG) hydrogels at different sizes to be used for protein absorption. GG macrogels and micro/nanogels were synthesized through chemical crosslinking via bulk polymerization and reverse micelle microemulsion techniques, respectively, and high yields, for example, 94 ± 4% and 91 ± 6% were obtained. GG micro/nanogels with spherical shape and smooth surface were separated in the range of 1–10 µm and 300–900 nm by the filtration process. The blood compatibility assay revealed that GG micro/nanogels were blood compatible up to 2 mg/mL concentration with maximum 1.59 ± 0.97% hemolysis ratio and minimum 84 ± 2.6% blood clotting index. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that linear GG inhibited cell viability at ≥250 µg/mL concentrations, whereas no significant difference was obtained up to 1000 µg/mL concentration when compared to the control groups statistically (p > .05). It was further demonstrated that GG micro/nanogels retain great potential to absorb hemoglobin and lysozyme with 59 ± 7 and 20 ± 8 mg/g absorption capacity at pH 7.4. Furthermore, the absorption capacity of the negatively charged GG micro/nanogels could be augmented by adjusting the pH conditions down to the isoelectric point (IP) of the proteins. Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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生物相容性宏、微米和纳米级瓜尔胶水凝胶及其蛋白质吸收能力

摘要 这项工作描述了用于蛋白质吸收的不同尺寸的不同瓜尔胶 (GG) 水凝胶的制备和表征。GG巨凝胶和微/纳米凝胶分别通过本体聚合和反胶束微乳液技术通过化学交联合成，产率分别为94±4%和91±6%。具有球形和光滑表面的 GG 微/纳米凝胶通过过滤过程在 1-10 µm 和 300-900 nm 范围内分离。血液相容性试验表明，GG 微/纳米凝胶的血液相容性最高可达 2 mg/mL，溶血率最大为 1.59 ± 0.97%，凝血指数最小为 84 ± 2.6%。此外，细胞毒性试验表明，线性 GG 在浓度≥250 µg/mL 时抑制细胞活力，而在统计学上与对照组相比，浓度高达 1000 µg/mL 时没有获得显着差异 (p > .05)。进一步证明 GG 微/纳米凝胶在 pH 7.4 下具有 59 ± 7 和 20 ± 8 mg/g 的吸收能力，具有吸收血红蛋白和溶菌酶的巨大潜力。此外，可以通过将 pH 条件调节到蛋白质的等电点 (IP) 来增强带负电荷的 GG 微/纳米凝胶的吸收能力。图形概要 通过将 pH 条件调节到蛋白质的等电点 (IP)，可以增强带负电荷的 GG 微/纳米凝胶的吸收能力。图形概要 通过将 pH 条件调节到蛋白质的等电点 (IP)，可以增强带负电荷的 GG 微/纳米凝胶的吸收能力。图形概要