Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global disease that poses a significant threat to public health. The incidence of both diabetes and dementia has increased simultaneously. Researchers have found that a large proportion of dementia patients have T2DM. In recent years, increasing evidence has demonstrated a link between cognitive decline and T2DM. Although the exact pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in T2DM is still unknown, current studies suggest that hyperglycemia, cerebrovascular disease, brain insulin resistance, and changes in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) neurons may mediate the association between T2DM and cognitive impairment. These potential mechanisms may become targets for the treatment of cognitive disorders in patients with T2DM. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a widely used anti-diabetic drug, has been shown to not only effectively lower blood glucose but also improve neurological function. Previous research has confirmed that GLP-1 and its analogues are effective in the treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with T2DM. This review describes current evidence on the mechanisms underlying the association between T2DM and cognitive impairment. In particular, this review focuses on recent advances in GLP-1 and its analogues for the treatment of T2DM-related cognitive impairment.

2 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 是一种全球性疾病，对公众健康构成重大威胁。糖尿病和痴呆症的发病率同时增加。研究人员发现，很大一部分痴呆症患者患有 T2DM。近年来，越来越多的证据表明认知能力下降与 T2DM 之间存在联系。虽然 T2DM 认知障碍的确切发病机制尚不清楚，但目前的研究表明，高血糖、脑血管疾病、脑胰岛素抵抗和 γ-氨基丁酸 (GABAergic) 神经元的变化可能介导了 T2DM 与认知障碍之间的关联。这些潜在的机制可能成为治疗 T2DM 患者认知障碍的靶点。胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1)，一种广泛使用的抗糖尿病药物，已被证明不仅可以有效降低血糖，还可以改善神经功能。先前的研究已经证实，GLP-1 及其类似物可有效治疗 T2DM 患者的认知障碍。本综述描述了 T2DM 与认知障碍之间关联机制的当前证据。本综述特别关注 GLP-1 及其类似物治疗 T2DM 相关认知障碍的最新进展。