Abstract Root canal treatment is the most effective treatment for irreversible pulpal damage. However, it suffers the risk of failure due to micro-leakage at the Gutta-percha-sealer-tooth interface. Concerning the issue, it is important to enhance the antimicrobial properties of Gutta-percha. The current study describes a novel coating of the Gutta-percha with chitosan and silver nanoparticles to increase their antimicrobial efficacy. They were coated with chitosan and silver nanoparticles with concentrations of 1%, 2% using chemical methodology. Coated Gutta-percha were evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis, which is frequently isolated microorganism in failed endodontic cases using standard microbiological methods like growth curve analysis. Detailed analysis of the antimicrobial activity was performed by live-dead analysis with the help of flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. Although, the experimental analysis showed concentration-dependent antibacterial activity by both chitosan and silver NP coated Gutta-percha, the silver NP coating exhibited higher antibacterial activity compared to the Gutta percha coated with chitosan nanoparticles. Mechanistic evaluation unveiled the cause of antibacterial activates due to action of induced oxidative stress and membrane damage to the bacteria by coated nanoparticles. The information will be useful for the endodontist to have an alternative filling material with higher antibacterial potency for higher success rate of root canal therapies in clinical procedures.

中文翻译：

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氧化应激诱导的壳聚糖和银纳米粒子涂层牙胶在牙髓应用中的抗菌功效

摘要 根管治疗是治疗不可逆牙髓损伤最有效的治疗方法。然而，由于牙胶-胶-封口机-牙齿界面处的微泄漏，它面临着失败的风险。关于这个问题，重要的是提高牙胶的抗菌性能。目前的研究描述了一种用壳聚糖和银纳米颗粒对古塔胶进行新型涂层，以提高其抗菌功效。它们使用化学方法用浓度为 1%、2% 的壳聚糖和银纳米粒子包被。使用标准微生物学方法（如生长曲线分析）评估了涂层古塔胶对粪肠球菌的抗菌功效，粪肠球菌是失败的牙髓病例中经常分离的微生物。在流式细胞术和荧光显微镜的帮助下，通过活死分析对抗菌活性进行了详细分析。尽管实验分析表明壳聚糖和银 NP 涂层的牙胶具有浓度依赖性抗菌活性，但与涂有壳聚糖纳米颗粒的牙胶相比，银 NP 涂层表现出更高的抗菌活性。机理评估揭示了抗菌激活的原因，这是由于纳米颗粒对细菌的诱导氧化应激和膜损伤的作用。该信息将有助于牙髓科医生获得具有更高抗菌效力的替代填充材料，以提高临床手术中根管治疗的成功率。实验分析表明壳聚糖和银 NP 涂层的牙胶具有浓度依赖性抗菌活性，与涂有壳聚糖纳米颗粒的牙胶相比，银 NP 涂层表现出更高的抗菌活性。机理评估揭示了抗菌激活的原因，这是由于纳米颗粒对细菌的诱导氧化应激和膜损伤的作用。该信息将有助于牙髓科医生获得具有更高抗菌效力的替代填充材料，以提高临床手术中根管治疗的成功率。实验分析表明壳聚糖和银 NP 涂层的牙胶具有浓度依赖性抗菌活性，与涂有壳聚糖纳米颗粒的牙胶相比，银 NP 涂层表现出更高的抗菌活性。机理评估揭示了抗菌激活的原因，这是由于纳米颗粒对细菌的诱导氧化应激和膜损伤的作用。该信息将有助于牙髓科医生获得具有更高抗菌效力的替代填充材料，以提高临床手术中根管治疗的成功率。与涂有壳聚糖纳米颗粒的古塔胶相比，银 NP 涂层表现出更高的抗菌活性。机理评估揭示了抗菌激活的原因，这是由于纳米颗粒对细菌的诱导氧化应激和膜损伤的作用。该信息将有助于牙髓科医生获得具有更高抗菌效力的替代填充材料，以提高临床手术中根管治疗的成功率。与涂有壳聚糖纳米颗粒的古塔胶相比，银 NP 涂层表现出更高的抗菌活性。机理评估揭示了抗菌激活的原因，这是由于纳米颗粒对细菌的诱导氧化应激和膜损伤的作用。该信息将有助于牙髓科医生获得具有更高抗菌效力的替代填充材料，以提高临床手术中根管治疗的成功率。