Abstract In 2012, the Peruvian government launched the public-private initiative for energy inclusion (FISE) to promote equitable access to subsidised liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinders. The objective of this study was to explore cooking patterns, attitudes towards the FISE-programme, and factors influencing LPG use in rural Andean Peru. Forty-eight women from four communities completed a paper-based questionnaire on cooking practices and demographic characteristics. They partook in focus group discussions and participant observation sessions. In addition, we conducted 12 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with local authorities, FISE-programme contractor officials and male family heads. Despite the large outreach of the FISE-programme in the region, discrepancies in the administrative practices of public and private partners made it difficult for FISE-beneficiaries to obtain both LPG stoves and FISE-voucher discounts. The complications experienced by households not connected to the electricity grid may serve as an illustration of this lack of coordination. The FISE-programme inclusion criteria required a stable monthly electricity consumption of 30 kW-hours, thus excluding families with prepaid electricity meters living in remote areas. Overall, we found that the FISE-programme did not lead to exclusive LPG use in our setting. LPG was the second preferred source of cooking energy after firewood, and women only used LPG for preparing quick meals (e.g. soups) or for reheating meals. The main barriers limiting LPG use included purchasing costs; difficulties completing other daily chores while cooking; technologies not matching local cooking needs; the need to save time; and the perception that LPG affects the taste of food. Peruvian LPG programmes should harmonise their recruitment schemes, and the FISE-programme should modify its criteria to ensure the inclusion of all vulnerable populations. In view of the evidence obtained from other countries and the high prevalence of stove-stacking practices, LPG initiatives in rural Andean Peru merit from incorporating socio-cultural dimensions and alternative cooking technologies adapted to local fuel preferences, food cultures, and cooking demands in order to achieve a sustained LPG transition.

中文翻译：

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秘鲁安第斯地区烹饪模式、能量转移计划和液化石油气使用决定因素的文化视角

摘要 2012 年，秘鲁政府发起了能源包容公私合作倡议 (FISE)，以促进公平获得补贴的液化石油气 (LPG) 气瓶。本研究的目的是探索烹饪模式、对 FISE 计划的态度以及影响秘鲁安第斯农村地区 LPG 使用的因素。来自四个社区的 48 名妇女完成了一份关于烹饪习惯和人口特征的纸质问卷。他们参加焦点小组讨论和参与者观察会议。此外，我们对地方当局、FISE 项目承包商官员和男性户主进行了 12 次半结构化的深入访谈。尽管 FISE 计划在该地区开展了大量外展活动，公共和私人合作伙伴的行政做法存在差异，使 FISE 受益人难以同时获得 LPG 炉灶和 FISE 优惠券折扣。未连接到电网的家庭所经历的复杂情况可以说明这种缺乏协调。FISE 计划纳入标准要求每月稳定用电量为 30 千瓦时，因此不包括居住在偏远地区的预付费电表家庭。总的来说，我们发现 FISE 计划并没有导致我们的环境中专门使用 LPG。液化石油气是仅次于柴火的第二个首选的烹饪能源，女性仅使用液化石油气来准备快餐（例如汤）或重新加热饭菜。限制液化石油气使用的主要障碍包括采购成本；做饭时难以完成其他日常家务；技术不符合当地烹饪需求；需要节省时间；以及液化石油气影响食物味道的看法。秘鲁 LPG 计划应协调其招聘计划，FISE 计划应修改其标准以确保包括所有弱势群体。鉴于从其他国家获得的证据以及炉灶堆放做法的高度流行，秘鲁安第斯农村地区的液化石油气举措值得结合社会文化层面和适应当地燃料偏好、饮食文化和烹饪需求的替代烹饪技术，以便以实现持续的液化石油气转型。秘鲁 LPG 计划应协调其招聘计划，FISE 计划应修改其标准以确保包括所有弱势群体。鉴于从其他国家获得的证据以及炉灶堆放做法的高度流行，秘鲁安第斯农村地区的液化石油气举措值得结合社会文化层面和适应当地燃料偏好、饮食文化和烹饪需求的替代烹饪技术，以便以实现持续的液化石油气转型。秘鲁 LPG 计划应协调其招聘计划，FISE 计划应修改其标准以确保包括所有弱势群体。鉴于从其他国家获得的证据以及炉灶堆放做法的高度流行，秘鲁安第斯农村地区的液化石油气举措值得结合社会文化层面和适应当地燃料偏好、饮食文化和烹饪需求的替代烹饪技术，以便以实现持续的液化石油气转型。