Abstract The 196 parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) will soon agree to a post-2020 global framework for conserving the three elements of biodiversity (genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity) while ensuring sustainable development and benefit sharing. As the most significant global conservation policy mechanism, the new CBD framework has far-reaching consequences- it will guide conservation actions and reporting for each member country until 2050. In previous CBD strategies, as well as other major conservation policy mechanisms, targets and indicators for genetic diversity (variation at the DNA level within species, which facilitates species adaptation and ecosystem function) were undeveloped and focused on species of agricultural relevance. We assert that, to meet global conservation goals, genetic diversity within all species, not just domesticated species and their wild relatives, must be conserved and monitored using appropriate metrics. Building on suggestions in a recent Letter in Science (Laikre et al., 2020) we expand argumentation for three new, pragmatic genetic indicators and modifications to two current indicators for maintaining genetic diversity and adaptive capacity of all species, and provide guidance on their practical use. The indicators are: 1) the number of populations with effective population size above versus below 500, 2) the proportion of populations maintained within species, 3) the number of species and populations in which genetic diversity is monitored using DNA-based methods. We also present and discuss Goals and Action Targets for post-2020 biodiversity conservation which are connected to these indicators and underlying data. These pragmatic indicators and goals have utility beyond the CBD; they should benefit conservation and monitoring of genetic diversity via national and global policy for decades to come.

中文翻译：

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CBD 2020 年后全球生物多样性框架中的遗传多样性目标和指标必须改进

摘要 《生物多样性公约》（CBD）的 196 个缔约方将很快同意 2020 年后全球框架，以保护生物多样性的三个要素（遗传、物种和生态系统多样性），同时确保可持续发展和利益共享。作为最重要的全球保护政策机制，新的 CBD 框架具有深远的影响——它将指导每个成员国的保护行动和报告，直到 2050 年。 在以前的 CBD 战略以及其他主要的保护政策机制、目标和指标中遗传多样性（物种内 DNA 水平的变异，促进物种适应和生态系统功能）尚未开发，并专注于与农业相关的物种。我们断言，为了实现全球保护目标，所有物种的遗传多样性，而不仅仅是驯化物种及其野生近缘种，必须使用适当的指标进行保护和监测。基于最近的《科学快报》（Laikre 等人，2020 年）中的建议，我们将三个新的实用遗传指标的论证和修改扩展到两个当前指标，以保持所有物种的遗传多样性和适应能力，并就它们的实际应用提供指导用。这些指标是：1) 有效种群规模大于或低于 500 的种群数量，2) 物种内维持的种群比例，3) 使用基于 DNA 的方法监测遗传多样性的物种和种群数量。我们还提出并讨论了与这些指标和基础数据相关的 2020 年后生物多样性保护的目标和行动目标。这些务实的指标和目标在 CBD 之外还有用；在未来几十年，它们应该通过国家和全球政策促进遗传多样性的保护和监测。