Abstract

A highly efficient, economical, and waste-free technology for the purification of natural waters for thermal power plants has been developed. The preliminary purification of water involved microfiltration on tubular ceramic membranes made of clay minerals according to a technology developed at the Dumansky Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Water Chemistry, NAS of Ukraine; the degree of retention of suspended solids and iron and manganese compounds on the membranes was 99.9, 99.8, and 60%, respectively. The high separation capacity of such membranes is due to the modification of their surface by water contaminants with the formation of a self-organizing dynamic membrane that serves as an additional barrier. The dynamic membrane formation contributed to the retention of up to 24.0% of the co-occurring ions, Ca²⁺ in particular; this is typical for ultrafiltration membranes. Further desalination was performed with low-pressure reverse osmosis membranes; two stages of reverse osmosis turned out necessary to achieve a total ion content of 0.5 mg/dm³ in the make-up water of a steam turbine unit of a thermal power plant (TPP). The retentate of the second stage of reverse osmosis, for which the total ion content is 50–60 mg/dm³, can be used for technical purposes at TPPs. The salt content of the retentate formed after the first stage of reverse osmosis was ~3 g/dm³, and thus insufficient for further transformation into secondary material resources; however, the introduction of waste recycling systems is considered to be the modern direction in protecting the environment from technological influence. The retentate of the first stage of reverse osmosis was concentrated using an original concentrating electrodialyzer developed at the Dumansky Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Water Chemistry, NAS of Ukraine; some design modifications that distinguish this electrodialyzer from the conventional ones were proposed and patented. Electrodialysis treatment of the retentate for 2.5 hours at a current density of 2.5 A/dm³ enabled the production of a solution with the ion content of ~105 g/dm³. This brine can be converted into sodium hypochlorite or caustic soda and hydrochloric acid by electrolysis. The diluate with a mineralization of ~200.5 g/dm³ and a total organic carbon content of ~148.3 g/dm³ can be used for the preparation of coal-water slurry fuels for power generation and metallurgy. The basic technological schemes of make-up water purification for the needs of thermal power plants and the preparation of slurry fuel systems based on coal and reverse osmosis waste that contains organic substances are proposed.

中文翻译：

---

火力发电厂水和燃料制备的高效无浪费技术

摘要

已经开发了用于净化火力发电厂的天然水的高效，经济且无浪费的技术。根据乌克兰NAS的杜曼斯基胶体化学和水化学研究所开发的技术，水的初步纯化涉及对由粘土矿物制成的管状陶瓷膜进行微滤；悬浮固体以及铁和锰化合物在膜上的保留度分别为99.9％，99.8和60％。这种膜的高分离能力归因于水污染物对其表面的改性，并形成了自组织的动态膜，该膜充当了额外的屏障。动态的膜形成有助于保留多达24.0％的共生离子Ca ²⁺尤其是; 这是超滤膜的典型特征。用低压反渗透膜进行进一步的脱盐。为了使火力发电厂（TPP）的蒸汽轮机单元的补充水中总离子含量达到0.5 mg / dm ³，必须进行两个阶段的反渗透。总离子含量为50-60 mg / dm ^3的反渗透第二阶段的截留物可用于TPPs的技术用途。反渗透第一阶段后形成的渗余物的含盐量约为3 g / dm ³，因此不足以进一步转化为次要物质资源；但是，废物回收系统的引入被认为是保护环境不受技术影响的现代方向。反渗透第一阶段的截留液使用乌克兰NAS杜曼斯基胶体化学和水化学研究所开发的原始浓缩电渗析仪进行浓缩。提出并申请了一些使该电渗析器与常规渗析器区别开的设计修改并申请了专利。在电流密度为2.5 A / dm ^3的情况下对渗余物进行电渗析处理2.5小时，可以生产离子含量约为105 g / dm ³的溶液。。该盐水可通过电解转化为次氯酸钠或苛性钠和盐酸。用〜200.5的矿化稀液克/分米³和〜148.3的总有机碳含量克/分米³，可以使用用于制备煤-水稀浆燃料的发电和冶金。提出了满足火力发电厂需要的补充水净化的基本技术方案，并提出了基于煤和反渗透废物的含有机物的浆料燃料系统的制备方法。