Abstract

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has several industrial applications because of its advantages over other additive manufacturing methods. In this study, two stainless steel 347 walls, namely as-deposited (AD) wall, and inter-layer cold worked (CW) wall, were prepared using the WAAM method to investigate the isotropy of their mechanical properties and wear properties in vertical and horizontal directions. For the AD wall, the mean yield strength, ultimate strength, and elongation of horizontal samples were 410 MPa, 620 MPa, and 47%, respectively. In comparison, these values for the vertical (V) samples were 402 MPa, 590 MPa, and 49%, respectively. For the CW wall, the mean yield strength, ultimate strength, and elongation of horizontal samples were 815 MPa, 876 MPa, and 26%, respectively, while those of vertical samples were 722 MPa, 824 MPa, and 25%, respectively. The CW wall’s tensile test results indicated that inter-layer cold working intensified the anisotropy of tensile properties in both vertical and horizontal directions. Microstructural investigation revealed that inter-layer cold working and the heat resulted from subsequent layers deposition in the CW wall recrystallized the layers and reduced the grain size. Additionally, wear test results demonstrated that inter-layer cold working increased hardness and thus wear-resistance of the samples and reduced their friction. The results showed that the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rates of the samples are not highly dependent on their direction.

Graphic Abstract

中文翻译：

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研究通过电弧增材制造法制造的沉积态和层间冷加工试样的力学和磨损性能各向同性

摘要

电弧增材制造（WAAM）由于其相对于其他增材制造方法的优势而具有多种工业应用。在这项研究中，使用WAAM方法制备了两层不锈钢347壁，即沉积（AD）壁和层间冷加工（CW）壁，以研究其垂直和垂直方向的力学性能和耐磨性能的各向同性水平方向。对于AD墙，水平样品的平均屈服强度，极限强度和伸长率分别为410 MPa，620 MPa和47％。相比之下，垂直（V）样品的这些值分别为402 MPa，590 MPa和49％。对于连续墙，水平样品的平均屈服强度，极限强度和伸长率分别为815 MPa，876 MPa和26％，而垂直样品的平均屈服强度，极限强度和伸长率为722 MPa，824 MPa，和25％。连续波壁的拉伸试验结果表明，层间冷加工在垂直和水平方向上都增强了拉伸性能的各向异性。显微组织研究表明，层间冷加工和连续壁沉积在连续波壁中产生的热量使各层再结晶并减小了晶粒尺寸。此外，磨损测试结果表明，层间冷加工可提高硬度，从而提高样品的耐磨性并减少其摩擦。结果表明，样品的摩擦系数（COF）和磨损率与方向无关。连续波壁的拉伸试验结果表明，层间冷加工在垂直和水平方向上都增强了拉伸性能的各向异性。显微组织研究表明，层间冷加工和连续壁沉积在连续波壁中产生的热量使各层再结晶并减小了晶粒尺寸。此外，磨损测试结果表明，层间冷加工可提高硬度，从而提高样品的耐磨性并减少其摩擦。结果表明，样品的摩擦系数（COF）和磨损率与方向无关。连续波壁的拉伸试验结果表明，层间冷加工在垂直和水平方向上都增强了拉伸性能的各向异性。显微组织研究表明，层间冷加工和连续壁沉积在连续波壁中产生的热量使各层再结晶并减小了晶粒尺寸。此外，磨损测试结果表明，层间冷加工可提高硬度，从而提高样品的耐磨性并减少其摩擦。结果表明，样品的摩擦系数（COF）和磨损率与方向无关。显微组织研究表明，层间冷加工和连续壁沉积在连续波壁中产生的热量使各层再结晶并减小了晶粒尺寸。此外，磨损测试结果表明，层间冷加工可提高硬度，从而提高样品的耐磨性并减少其摩擦。结果表明，样品的摩擦系数（COF）和磨损率与方向无关。显微组织研究表明，层间冷加工和连续壁沉积在连续波壁中产生的热量使各层再结晶并减小了晶粒尺寸。此外，磨损测试结果表明，层间冷加工可提高硬度，从而提高样品的耐磨性并减少其摩擦。结果表明，样品的摩擦系数（COF）和磨损率与方向无关。

图形摘要