Aggression among individuals which compete for resources such as food or territory, or to establish dominance relationships, can cause injuries that may be risky for the contenders. In this way, individuals of many species have strategies to resolve conflicts reducing levels of aggression. Thus, if individuals are able to recognize each other and remember previous agonistic experiences and the result of the fight, they will resolve the subsequent encounter with lower levels of aggression. Here, we evaluated the effect of previous fighting experiences (24 h interval) on agonistic behaviors of subsequent encounters in zebrafish (Danio rerio) males. Specifically, we examined if any reduction in aggression is because of an individual's ability to remember other individuals from previous interactions, or if reductions come directly from winning or losing a fight. We found that when a pair of opponents (of the same size) had fought, and 24 h later the same dyad fought again, the number of bites decreases 85% and the duration of aggression decreases 73% in the second encounter, and this effect persisted in a third encounter (a decrease of 90% and 95%, respectively). To evaluate if the effect of previous experience on agonistic behaviors depended on facing the same opponent, in the second fight of a new experiment the opponent was changed. In this case, no decreases in the number of bites or in the duration of aggression was observed. In conclusion, pairs of zebrafish males resolve a conflict with lower levels of aggression when having previously fought with that particular opponent, but not with an unknown opponent. As a whole, these results suggest that zebrafish males are capable of recognizing the opponent, remembering previous experiences and changing their fighting strategies accordingly, but not only as a consequence of the result of a previous encounter.

中文翻译：

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先前的战斗对斑马鱼雄性的激动相遇动态的影响。

争夺食物或领土等资源或建立主导关系的个人之间的侵略性可能导致伤害，这可能对竞争者构成危险。这样，许多物种的个体都有解决冲突的策略，从而降低了侵略程度。因此，如果个人能够相互认识并记住以前的激动经历和战斗结果，他们将以较低的攻击力解决随后的遭遇。在这里，我们评估了以前的战斗经历（间隔24小时）对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）随后相遇的激动行为的影响）男性。具体来说，我们研究了侵略性的降低是否是由于某人从以前的互动中记住其他人的能力所致，还是由于战斗的获胜或失败而直接造成的。我们发现，当一对对手（大小相同）进行了战斗，并且在24小时后再次进行相同的对战时，在第二次遭遇中被咬的次数减少了85％，侵略的持续时间减少了73％，这种效果持续第三次遭遇（分别减少90％和95％）。为了评估先前经验对激动行为的影响是否取决于面对相同的对手，在新实验的第二场比赛中，改变了对手。在这种情况下，没有观察到被咬的次数或侵略持续时间的减少。结论，成对的斑马鱼雄性先前与该特定对手（而不是与未知的对手）战斗时，解决了较低攻击性的冲突。总体而言，这些结果表明斑马鱼雄性能够识别对手，记住先前的经历并相应地改变其战斗策略，而不仅仅是由于先前遭遇的结果。