Manual traffic control (MTC) is a common intersection control strategy where trained personnel, typically police law enforcement officers, allocate intersection right-of-way to approaching vehicles. MTC is frequently used for special events and during emergencies. However, the current state-of-the-practice has shown little research that quantifies or assesses the benefits of MTC during evacuations. This paper describes research to develop microscopic traffic simulation models that were used to assess traffic processes of emergency evacuations of nuclear power plant sites involving MTC. A recently developed model to represent MTC was integrated into the simulation to quantify its impact on clearance time and other operational parameters. The results of this effort showed that in rural or less congested urban areas clearance times experienced no significant benefit from the application of MTC. Conversely, in densely populated regions clearance times increased significantly when MTC was deployed. This suggested that for congested urban areas, with closely spaced intersections, the characteristically long cycle lengths associated with MTC resulted in significant queues. These queues propagated upstream, interfering with traffic operations at neighboring intersections and bottleneck points within the network. This, in turn, triggered even more queues and, ultimately, led to localized gridlock. From the perspective of police officers, longer cycle lengths result in fewer phase changes and less lost-time at the intersection. As such, the officer is incentivized to extend green times and cycle lengths as long as possible. What the officer cannot see, however, is the effect of such actions on queue formation at upstream intersections.

手动交通控制（MTC）是一种常见的十字路口控制策略，训练有素的人员（通常是警察执法人员）将十字路口的通行权分配给接近的车辆。MTC通常用于特殊事件和紧急情况下。但是，当前的实践状况表明，很少有研究可以量化或评估撤离期间MTC的收益。本文介绍了开发微观交通模拟模型的研究，该模型用于评估涉及MTC的核电站现场紧急疏散的交通过程。模拟中集成了最近开发的代表MTC的模型，以量化其对清除时间和其他操作参数的影响。这项工作的结果表明，在农村地区或拥挤程度较低的城市地区，MTC的应用并没有带来明显的收益。相反，在人口稠密的地区，部署MTC时，清除时间显着增加。这表明，对于拥挤的城市地区，交叉点之间的距离很近，与MTC相关的典型长周期长度导致大量排队。这些队列向上游传播，干扰了网络中相邻路口和瓶颈点的交通运营。反过来，这触发了更多的队列，并最终导致本地化的僵局。从警务人员的角度来看，更长的周期长度导致更少的相变和更少的路口时间。因此，激励官员尽可能延长绿色时间和周期长度。但是，官员看不到这些动作对上游交叉口队列形成的影响。