The objective of our study is to develop extended finite element method models of cancellous bone specimens that are capable of accurately predicting the onset and propagation of cracks under mechanical loading. In order to do so, previously published three-point bending test results of a single trabecula were replicated using two different extended finite element method approaches, namely, elastic-plastic-fracture and elastic-fracture that considered different configurations of the elasto-plastic properties of bone from which the best approach to fit the experimental data was identified. The behavior of a single trabecula was then used in 2D extended finite element method models to quantify the strength of the trabecular tissue of the forearm along three perpendicular anatomical axes. The results revealed that the elastic-plastic-fracture model better represented the experimental data in the model of a single trabecula. Considering the 2D trabecular specimens, the elastic fracture model predicted higher strength than the elastic-plastic-fracture model and there was no difference in stiffness between the two models. In general, the specimens exhibited higher failure strain and more ductile behavior in compression than in tension. In addition, strength and stiffness were found to be higher in tension than compression on average. It can be concluded that with proper parameters, extended finite element method is capable of simulating the ductile behavior of cancellous bone. The models are able to quantify the tensile strength of trabecular tissue in the various anatomical directions reporting an increased strength in the longitudinal direction of forearm cancellous bone tissue. Extended finite element method of cancellous bone proves to be a valuable tool to predict the mechanical characteristics of cancellous bones as a function of the microstructure.

我们研究的目的是开发松质骨标本的扩展有限元方法模型，该模型能够准确预测机械载荷下裂纹的发生和扩展。为此，使用两种不同的扩展有限元方法，即弹塑性断裂和考虑不同弹塑性性能配置的弹性断裂，复制了先前发表的单个小梁的三点弯曲试验结果从中确定了拟合实验数据的最佳方法的骨骼。然后将单个小梁的行为用于 2D 扩展有限元方法模型，以量化前臂小梁组织沿三个垂直解剖轴的强度。结果表明，弹塑性骨折模型较好地代表了单小梁模型中的实验数据。考虑到 2D 小梁标本，弹性断裂模型预测的强度高于弹塑性断裂模型，并且两种模型之间的刚度没有差异。一般来说，试样在压缩时比在拉伸时表现出更高的破坏应变和更多的延展性。此外，发现拉伸强度和刚度平均高于压缩强度。可以得出结论，在适当的参数下，扩展有限元方法能够模拟松质骨的延性行为。这些模型能够量化小梁组织在各个解剖方向的抗张强度，报告前臂松质骨组织的纵向强度增加。松质骨的扩展有限元方法被证明是预测作为微观结构函数的松质骨力学特性的有价值的工具。