To overcome the disadvantages of primary bio-oil, two technical routes, namely, bio-oil ether extraction coupled with ether-soluble fraction microwave-assisted catalytic esterification (ES-MACE) and looped-oxide catalytic deoxygenation/mild electrocatalytic hydrogenation (MECH)/catalytic cracking to produce hydrocarbons, were conducted for bio-oil upgrading. With the first route, it was found that the highest ether extraction efficiency was achieved when the volume ratio of bio-oil/ether was 1:2 and the ES quality was effectively improved in comparison to primary bio-oil; after the ES-MACE, the relative content of acids in the ES decreased dramatically, while that of esters increased. With the second route, the oxygen content in the bio-oil deoxidized by a Zn powder decreased by 23.92%. Moreover, the relative contents of acids, alcohols, and sugars diminished, while those of esters, carbonyls, and phenols rose. Then, the MECH step further refined the deoxidized bio-oil; the relative contents of acids, esters, carbonyls, phenols, sugars, and furans decreased, and that of alcohols increased substantially. At the same time, the hydrogen/carbon effective ratio greatly improved after the refining process. Finally, catalytic cracking by proton-exchanged zeolite Socony Mobil-5 of the obtained bio-oil was carried out to produce hydrocarbons; the carbon yield of aromatics, olefins, and total chemicals increased along with the hydrogen/carbon effective ratio.

中文翻译：

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通过醚提取，环氧化物催化脱氧和温和的电催化加氢技术进行生物油升级

为了克服主要生物油的缺点，有两种技术路线，即生物油醚萃取结合醚可溶级分微波辅助催化酯化（ES-MACE）和环氧化物催化脱氧/轻度电催化加氢（MECH）进行催化裂化生产碳氢化合物以进行生物油提质。在第一种方法中，发现当生物油/醚的体积比为1：2时，可以达到最高的醚萃取效率，并且与原始生物油相比，ES质量得到了有效改善。ES-MACE后，ES中酸的相对含量急剧下降，而酯的相对含量却增加。通过第二种途径，锌粉脱氧后的生物油中的氧含量降低了23.92％。此外，酸，醇，糖减少，而酯，羰基和苯酚的糖增加。然后，MECH步骤进一步精制脱氧的生物油。酸，酯，羰基，酚，糖和呋喃的相对含量降低，醇的相对含量大幅提高。同时，精制后氢/碳有效比大大提高。最后，通过质子交换的沸石Socony Mobil-5对获得的生物油进行催化裂化以产生烃。芳烃，烯烃和总化学物质的碳收率随氢/碳有效比的增加而增加。酒精的含量大幅度增加。同时，精制后氢/碳有效比大大提高。最后，通过质子交换的沸石Socony Mobil-5对获得的生物油进行催化裂化以产生烃。芳烃，烯烃和总化学物质的碳收率随氢/碳有效比的增加而增加。酒精的含量大幅度增加。同时，精制后氢/碳有效比大大提高。最后，通过质子交换的沸石Socony Mobil-5对获得的生物油进行催化裂化以产生烃。芳烃，烯烃和总化学物质的碳收率随氢/碳有效比的增加而增加。