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A Transferable and Effective Method for Monitoring Continuous Cover Forestry at the Individual Tree Level Using UAVs
Remote Sensing ( IF 4.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 , DOI: 10.3390/rs12132115
Guy Bennett , Andy Hardy , Pete Bunting , Philippe Morgan , Andrew Fricker

Transformation to Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF) is a long and difficult process in which frequent management interventions rapidly alter forest structure and dynamics with long lasting impacts. Therefore, a critical component of transformation is the acquisition of up-to-date forest inventory data to direct future management decisions. Recently, the use of single tree detection methods derived from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been identified as being a cost effective method for inventorying forests. However, the rapidly changing structure of forest stands in transformation amplifies the difficultly in transferability of current individual tree detection (ITD) methods. This study presents a novel ITD Bayesian parameter optimisation approach that uses quantile regression and external biophysical tree data sets to provide a transferable and low cost ITD approach to monitoring stands in transformation. We applied this novel method to 5 stands in a variety of transformation stages in the UK and to a independent test study site in California, USA, to assess the accuracy and transferability of this method. Requiring small amounts of training data (15 reference trees) this approach had a mean test accuracy (F-score = 0.88) and provided mean tree diameter estimates (RMSE = 5.6 cm) with differences that were not significance to the ground data (p < 0.05). We conclude that this method can be used to monitor forests stands in transformation and thus can also be applied to a wide range of forest structures with limited manual parameterisation between sites.

中文翻译:

一种使用无人机在单棵树上监测连续覆盖林的有效而有效的方法

向连续覆盖林业(CCF)的转化是一个漫长而艰难的过程,其中频繁的管理干预会迅速改变森林结构和动态,并产生长期影响。因此,转型的关键部分是获取最新的森林清单数据以指导未来的管理决策。近来,已确认使用源自无人飞行器(UAV)的单树检测方法是一种成本效益高的森林清查方法。然而,森林林分结构的快速变化在转化中放大了当前个体树木检测(ITD)方法的可传递性的困难。这项研究提出了一种新颖的ITD贝叶斯参数优化方法,该方法使用分位数回归和外部生物物理树数据集来提供可转换且低成本的ITD方法来监测转化中的林分。我们将这种新方法应用于英国不同转化阶段的5个展位以及美国加利福尼亚州的独立测试研究站点,以评估此方法的准确性和可移植性。需要少量训练数据(15棵参考树),这种方法具有平均测试准确度(F分数= 0.88),并提供了平均树径估计值(RMSE = 5.6 cm),而差异对地面数据不重要(我们将这种新方法应用于英国不同转化阶段的5个展位以及美国加利福尼亚州的独立测试研究站点,以评估此方法的准确性和可移植性。需要少量训练数据(15棵参考树),这种方法具有平均测试准确度(F分数= 0.88),并提供了平均树径估计值(RMSE = 5.6 cm),而差异对地面数据不重要(我们将这种新方法应用于英国不同转化阶段的5个展位以及美国加利福尼亚州的独立测试研究站点,以评估此方法的准确性和可移植性。需要少量训练数据(15棵参考树),这种方法具有平均测试准确度(F分数= 0.88),并提供了平均树径估计值(RMSE = 5.6 cm),而差异对地面数据不重要(p<0.05)。我们得出的结论是,该方法可用于监视转换中的林分,因此也可应用于站点间手动参数设置有限的广泛森林结构。
更新日期:2020-07-01
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