Climate change is altering the environment in which plants grow and survive. An increase in worldwide Earth surface temperatures has been already observed, together with an increase in the intensity of other abiotic stress conditions such as water deficit, high salinity, heavy metal intoxication, etc., generating harmful conditions that destabilize agricultural systems. Stress conditions deeply affect physiological, metabolic and morphological traits of plant roots, essential organs for plant survival as they provide physical anchorage to the soil, water and nutrient uptake, mechanisms for stress avoidance, specific signals to the aerial part and to the biome in the soil, etc. However, most of the work performed until now has been mainly focused on aerial organs and tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the effects of different abiotic stress conditions on root molecular and physiological responses. First, we revise the methods used to study these responses (omics and phenotyping techniques). Then, we will outline how environmental stress conditions trigger various signals in roots for allowing plant cells to sense and activate the adaptative responses. Later, we discuss on some of the main regulatory mechanisms controlling root adaptation to stress conditions, the interplay between hormonal regulatory pathways and the global changes on gene expression and protein homeostasis. We will present recent advances on how the root system integrates all these signals to generate different physiological responses, including changes in morphology, long distance signaling and root exudation. Finally, we will discuss the new prospects and challenges in this field.

中文翻译：

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根源参与植物对不利环境条件的反应

气候变化正在改变植物生长和生存的环境。已经观察到全球地球表面温度的升高，以及其他非生物胁迫条件（例如缺水，高盐度，重金属中毒等）的强度增加，产生了破坏农业系统稳定性的有害条件。胁迫条件会深深影响植物根部的生理，代谢和形态特征，是植物生存所必需的器官，因为它们为土壤，水和养分的吸收提供了物理锚定，避免了胁迫的机制，向植物的空中部分和生物群落传递了特定信号。但是，到目前为止，大部分工作主要集中在空中器官和组织上。在这篇评论中 我们总结了当前有关不同非生物胁迫条件对根部分子和生理反应的影响的知识。首先，我们修改用于研究这些反应的方法（组学和表型分析技术）。然后，我们将概述环境胁迫条件如何在根中触发各种信号，以使植物细胞能够感知并激活适应性反应。稍后，我们将讨论控制根部适应胁迫条件的一些主要调控机制，激素调控途径之间的相互作用以及基因表达和蛋白质体内平衡的总体变化。我们将介绍根系统如何整合所有这些信号以产生不同的生理反应（包括形态变化，长距离信号传递和根分泌）的最新进展。最后，