Bioremediation and phytoremediation of soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) are an effective and eco-friendly alternative to physicochemical methods of soil decontamination. These techniques can be supported by the addition of effective strains and/or surface-active compounds. However, to obtain maximum efficacy of bioremediation, the interactions that occur between the microorganisms, enhancement factors and plants need to be studied. Our study aimed to investigate the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from an aged and highly polluted soil (hydrocarbon content about 2.5%) using multiway enhanced bio- and phytoremediation. For this purpose, 10 enhanced experimental groups were compared to two untreated controls. Among the enhanced experimental groups, the bio- and phytoremediation processes were supported by the endophytic strain Rhodococcus erythropolis CDEL254. This bacterial strain has several plant growth-promoting traits and can degrade petroleum hydrocarbons and produce biosurfactants. Additionally, a rhamnolipid solution produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to support the total petroleum hydrocarbon loss from soil. After 112 days of incubation, the highest PH removal (31.1%) was observed in soil planted with ryegrass (Lolium perenne L cv. Pearlgreen) treated with living cells of the CDEL254 strain and rhamnolipid solution. For non-planted experimental groups, the highest PH loss (26.1%) was detected for soil treated with heat-inactivated CDEL254 cells and a rhamnolipid solution. In general, the differences in the efficacy of the 10 experimental groups supported by plants, live/dead cells of the strain tested and rhamnolipid were not statistically significant. However, each of these groups was significantly more effective than the appropriate control groups. The PH loss in untreated (natural attenuation) and soils that underwent phytoremediation reached a value of 14.2% and 17.4%, respectively. Even though the CDEL254 strain colonized plant tissues and showed high survival in soil, its introduction did not significantly increase PH loss compared to systems treated with dead biomass. These results indicate that the development of effective biological techniques requires a customized approach to the polluted site and effective optimization of the methods used.

中文翻译：

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老龄石油污染土壤多途径强化生物修复和植物修复的比较研究

对被石油烃（PHs）污染的土壤进行生物修复和植物修复是土壤去污的物理化学方法的一种有效且生态友好的替代方法。这些技术可以通过添加有效菌株和/或表面活性化合物得到支持。然而，为了获得最大的生物修复功效，需要研究微生物，增强因子和植物之间发生的相互作用。我们的研究旨在研究通过多路生物和植物修复从老化和高污染的土壤（碳氢化合物含量约为2.5％）中去除石油碳氢化合物。为此，将10个增强的实验组与两个未处理的对照组进行比较。在增强的实验组中，内生菌株支持生物和植物修复过程红球红球菌CDEL254。这种细菌菌株具有几种促进植物生长的特性，可以降解石油碳氢化合物并产生生物表面活性剂。另外，铜绿假单胞菌产生的鼠李糖脂溶液被用于支持土壤中总的石油烃损失。孵育112天后，在黑麦草（Lolium perenne）种植的土壤中观察到最高的PH去除（31.1％）液晶屏 用CDEL254菌株的活细胞和鼠李糖脂溶液处理。对于未种植的实验组，用热灭活的CDEL254细胞和鼠李糖脂溶液处理过的土壤检测到最高的PH损失（26.1％）。通常，植物，所测试菌株的活/死细胞和鼠李糖脂支持的10个实验组的功效差异在统计学上均无统计学意义。但是，这些组中的每一个都比适当的对照组有效得多。未经处理（自然衰减）和进行过植物修复的土壤的PH值分别达到14.2％和17.4％。即使CDEL254菌株定植在植物组织上并在土壤中显示出很高的存活率，与用死生物质处理过的系统相比，其引入并没有显着增加PH损失。这些结果表明，有效的生物技术的发展需要针对污染部位的定制方法以及对所用方法的有效优化。