Organisms encounter stress throughout their lives, and therefore require the ability to respond rapidly to environmental changes. Although transcriptional responses are crucial for controlling changes in gene expression, regulation at the translational level often allows for a faster response at the protein levels which permits immediate adaptation. The fidelity and robustness of protein synthesis are actively regulated under stress. For example, mistranslation can be beneficial to cells upon environmental changes and also alters cellular stress responses. Additionally, stress modulates both global and selective translational regulation through mechanisms including the change of aminoacyl-tRNA activity, tRNA pool reprogramming and ribosome heterogeneity. In this review, we draw on studies from both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems to discuss current findings of cellular adaptation at the level of translation, specifically translational fidelity and activity changes in response to a wide array of environmental stressors including oxidative stress, nutrient depletion, temperature variation, antibiotics and host colonization.

生物一生都会承受压力，因此需要具备对环境变化做出快速反应的能力。尽管转录反应对于控制基因表达的变化至关重要，但是在翻译水平上进行调控通常可以在蛋白质水平上实现更快的反应，从而可以立即进行适应。蛋白质合成的保真度和鲁棒性在压力下受到主动调节。例如，翻译错误可以在环境变化时对细胞有益，并且还可以改变细胞应激反应。另外，应激通过包括氨酰基-tRNA活性变化，tRNA库重编程和核糖体异质性在内的机制调节全局和选择性翻译调控。在这篇评论中