The seventh human coronavirus SARS-CoV2 belongs to the cluster of extremely pathogenic coronaviruses including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which can cause fatal lower respiratory tract infection. Likewise, SARS-CoV2 infection can be fatal as the disease advances to pneumonia, followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The development of lethal clinical symptons is associated with an exaggerated production of inflammatory cytokines, referred to as the cytokine storm, is a consequence of a hyperactivated immune response aginst the infection. In this article, we discuss the pathogenic consequences of the cytokine storm and its relationship with COVID-19 associated risk factors. The increased pro-inflammatory immune status in patients with risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, COPD) exacerbates the Cytokine-storm of COVID-19 into a ‘Cytokine Super Cyclone’. We also evaluate the antiviral immune responses provided by BCG vaccination and the potential role of ‘trained immunity’ in early protection against SARS-CoV2.

第七种人类冠状病毒 SARS-CoV2 属于包括 SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV 在内的致病性极强的冠状病毒群，可引起致命的下呼吸道感染。同样，SARS-CoV2 感染可能会致命，因为该疾病会发展为肺炎，然后发展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)。致命临床症状的发展与炎症细胞因子的过度产生有关，称为细胞因子风暴，是针对感染的过度激活的免疫反应的结果。在这篇文章中，我们讨论了细胞因子风暴的致病后果及其与 COVID-19 相关风险因素的关系。具有危险因素（糖尿病、高血压、心血管疾病、COPD) 将 COVID-19 的细胞因子风暴加剧为“细胞因子超级旋风”。我们还评估了 BCG 疫苗接种提供的抗病毒免疫反应，以及“经过训练的免疫力”在针对 SARS-CoV2 的早期保护中的潜在作用。