Global warming, environmental pollution, and energy shortage are causing severe environmental concerns for sustainable development. Conversion of various renewable biowastes into value-added carbon-based materials can be a promising option to alleviate these issues. The emergence of nitrogen (N)-doped biochar provides a versatile electroactive candidate suitable for environmental and energy applications. In this review, we scrutinise and highlight the customised production of N-doped biochars and their up-to-date applications in environmental remediation, energy storage, and biorefinery fields. With a comprehensive overview on the original precursor, the interspecies conversion, and the ultimate deactivation of various N-dopants in biochar-based carbocatalysis, their formation mechanisms, distinct electrochemical characteristics, fate in the environmental and energy applications, and electrochemical behaviour can be thoroughly analysed. Contemporary challenges that require to be addressed and perspectives on improving N-doping technique on biochar are articulated. Overall, this review helps to provide new insights into the customised production of N-doped biochar for its broader applications in sustainable carbocatalysis and green chemistry.

全球变暖，环境污染和能源短缺正在引起对可持续发展的严重环境关注。将各种可再生生物废物转化为增值的碳基材料，可以缓解这些问题。氮（N）掺杂生物炭的出现提供了适用于环境和能源应用的多功能电活性候选物。在这篇评论中，我们仔细审查并重点介绍了定制的N掺杂生物炭的生产及其在环境修复，能量存储和生物炼制领域的最新应用。全面概述了原始前体，种间转化以及基于生物炭的碳催化中各种N掺杂剂的最终失活，它们的形成机理，独特的电化学特性，在环境和能源应用中的命运，以及电化学行为都可以得到彻底分析。阐明了当前需要解决的挑战，并提出了改进生物炭氮掺杂技术的观点。总体而言，本综述有助于为定制N掺杂生物炭的生产提供新见解，以更广泛地应用于可持续碳催化和绿色化学领域。