Main conclusion Carbonylation-ROS-dependent posttranslational modification of proteins-may be regarded as one of the important events in the process of ageing or senescence in plants. Abstract Ageing is the progressive process starting from seed development (plants) and birth (animals). The life-span of living organisms depends on many factors and stresses, which influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. The imbalance of their production and scavenging causes pathophysiological conditions that accelerate ageing. ROS modify nucleic acids, lipids, sugars and proteins. The level of carbonylated proteins can serve as an indicator of an oxidative cellular status. Several pathways of protein carbonylation, e.g. the conjugation with reactive carbonyl species, and/or a direct metal-catalysed oxidative attack on amino acids residues are known. Dysfunctional carbonylated proteins are more prone to degradation or form aggregates when the proteolytic machinery is inhibited, as observed in ageing. Protein carbonylation may contribute to formation of organelle-specific signal and to the control of protein quality. Carbonylated proteins are formed during the whole plant life; nevertheless, accelerated ageing stimulates the accumulation of carbonyl derivatives. In the medicine-related literature, concerned ageing and ROS-mediated protein modifications, this topic is extensively analysed, in comparison to the plant science. In plant science, ageing and senescence are considered to describe slightly different processes (physiological events). However, senescence (Latin: senēscere ) means “to grow old”. This review describes the correlation of protein carbonylation level to ageing or/and senescence in plants. Comparing data from the area of plant and animal research, it is assumed that some basic mechanism of time-dependent alterations in the cellular biochemical processes are common and the protein carbonylation is one of the important causes of ageing.

中文翻译：

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蛋白质的羰基化——植物衰老的一个因素

主要结论 羰基化——依赖于 ROS 的蛋白质翻译后修饰——可被视为植物衰老或衰老过程中的重要事件之一。摘要 衰老是从种子发育（植物）和出生（动物）开始的渐进过程。生物体的寿命取决于许多影响活性氧 (ROS) 水平的因素和压力。它们的产生和清除失衡会导致加速衰老的病理生理状况。ROS 修饰核酸、脂质、糖和蛋白质。羰基化蛋白质的水平可以作为氧化细胞状态的指标。蛋白质羰基化的几种途径，例如与反应性羰基物质的缀合，和/或对氨基酸残基的直接金属催化氧化攻击是已知的。当蛋白水解机制被抑制时，功能失调的羰基化蛋白质更容易降解或形成聚集体，正如在衰老过程中所观察到的那样。蛋白质羰基化可能有助于细胞器特异性信号的形成和蛋白质质量的控制。羰基化蛋白质是在植物的整个生命过程中形成的；然而，加速老化会刺激羰基衍生物的积累。与植物科学相比，在与衰老和 ROS 介导的蛋白质修饰有关的医学相关文献中，对该主题进行了广泛的分析。在植物科学中，衰老和衰老被认为是描述略有不同的过程（生理事件）。然而，衰老（拉丁语：senēscere）的意思是“变老”。这篇综述描述了蛋白质羰基化水平与植物衰老或/和衰老的相关性。比较来自植物和动物研究领域的数据，假设细胞生化过程中一些随时间变化的基本机制是常见的，蛋白质羰基化是衰老的重要原因之一。