Lawns provide green infrastructure and ecosystem services for anthropized areas. They have a strong impact on the environment in terms of inputs (water and fertilizers) and maintenance. The use of warm-season grasses, such as Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., provides a cost-effective and sustainable lawn in the dry summers of the Mediterranean. In winter, Bermudagrass is dormant and brown, which instead of being a problem could be an opportunity for biodiversity through the coexistence of flowering species. This study assesses the possibility of growing autumn-to-spring-flowering bulbs and forbs with Bermudagrass, to provide ecosystem services in urban areas. Eight geophytes and 18 forbs were incorporated into a mature turf of hybrid Bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis cv. “Tifway”. At the same time, a commercial flowering mix was sown in the same conditions. Two different soil preparations, scalping and turf flaming, and two different nitrogen doses, 50 and 150 kg ha⁻¹, were carried out before sowing and transplanting. The flowering plants were counted. All the bulbs and six of the 18 forbs were able to grow and flower in the first and second years. The commercial mix was in full bloom from April until the cutting time for the hybrid Bermudagrass, at the end of May. Adding the flowering species did not affect the healthy growth of the warm-season grass. The fertilization dose had no effect, while turf flaming led to a wider spread of Bellis perennis L. and Crocus spp. Several flower-visiting insects were observed in the spring.

中文翻译：

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暖季草和冷季花共存的多功能替代草坪

草坪为人类地区提供绿色基础设施和生态系统服务。在投入（水和肥料）和维护方面，它们对环境有很大影响。使用暖季草，如犬齿龙（Cynodon dactylon（L.）Pers。）。，在地中海干燥的夏季提供了经济高效且可持续的草坪。冬季，百慕大草处于休眠状态且呈褐色，这可能不是一个问题，而是通过开花物种的共存为生物多样性提供了机会。这项研究评估了使用百慕达种植秋花至春季开花的球茎和树梢，为城市地区提供生态系统服务的可能性。八个geophytes和18个杂类被纳入杂种狗牙根，成熟的草皮狗牙根 ×  C. transvaalensis简历 “ Tifway”。同时，在相同条件下播种了商业开花混合物。在播种和移栽之前，先进行了两种不同的土壤处理，去皮和草皮燃烧，以及两种不同的氮素剂量，分别为50和150 kg ha ^-1。计数开花植物。在第一年和第二年，所有的鳞茎和18个分支中的六个都能够生长和开花。从4月开始商业混合鲜花盛开，直到5月底杂交百慕大百草的切割时间。添加开花物种不会影响暖季草的健康生长。施肥剂量没有影响，而草皮燃烧导致Bellis perennis L.和Crocus的传播更广泛spp。在春季观察到了几种访花昆虫。