Set pair analysis (SPA) is a method to describe and deal with uncertainty in systems by using the connection number. It has been widely used in earth and environmental sciences and has become increasingly important in decision-making for environmental protection, risk evaluation, and disaster prediction. This paper reviewed the development of SPA with focus on its application in earth and environmental sciences. In addition, the challenges faced by SPA development in earth and environmental sciences were discussed. The development of SPA enriches and improves the ways of treating uncertainties in decision-making processes. However, there are still several theoretical problems to be solved. This review deepens our understanding into the application of SPA in earth and environmental sciences, promoting its wider development and application in these research fields.

中文翻译：

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地球与环境科学中的集合对分析：发展，挑战和未来前景

集对分析（SPA）是一种使用连接号描述和处理系统不确定性的方法。它已广泛用于地球和环境科学，并且在环境保护，风险评估和灾难预测的决策中变得越来越重要。本文回顾了SPA的发展，重点是SPA在地球和环境科学中的应用。此外，还讨论了SPA在地球和环境科学领域面临的挑战。SPA的发展丰富和改进了在决策过程中处理不确定性的方法。但是，仍然有几个理论问题需要解决。这篇评论加深了我们对SPA在地球和环境科学中的应用的理解，