One can define an energy system as a system that converts one or more energy fluxes into other energy fluxes of a different kind. This definition may describe a relatively small system, for instance, a power plant, a chemical plant, or the heating and cooling apparatus of a single-family house, as well as one covering larger energy needs, for example, those of a city, a country, or even a continent. As energy systems are developed through the centuries, the way we structure these systems goes through changes affected by contextual conditions. Recently, concerns about the availability of traditional fossil energy sources and their environmental effects are revolutionizing the way energy systems are planned, designed, and operated.

中文翻译：

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基于实时仿真的现代能源系统测试：回顾与讨论

可以将能量系统定义为将一个或多个能量通量转换为其他种类的其他能量通量的系统。此定义可以描述相对较小的系统，例如发电厂，化工厂或单户住宅的供暖和制冷设备，以及涵盖较大能源需求（例如城市的能源需求）的系统，一个国家，甚至一个大洲。几个世纪以来，随着能源系统的发展，我们构建这些系统的方式经历了受环境条件影响的变化。最近，对传统化石能源的可用性及其对环境的影响的关注正在彻底改变能源系统的计划，设计和运行方式。