One can define an energy system as a system that converts one or more energy fluxes into other energy fluxes of a different kind. This definition may describe a relatively small system, for instance, a power plant, a chemical plant, or the heating and cooling apparatus of a single-family house, as well as one covering larger energy needs, for example, those of a city, a country, or even a continent. As energy systems are developed through the centuries, the way we structure these systems goes through changes affected by contextual conditions. Recently, concerns about the availability of traditional fossil energy sources and their environmental effects are revolutionizing the way energy systems are planned, designed, and operated.

中文翻译：

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基于实时仿真的现代能源系统测试：回顾与讨论

人们可以将能量系统定义为将一个或多个能量通量转换为不同种类的其他能量通量的系统。该定义可以描述一个相对较小的系统，例如发电厂、化工厂或独户住宅的供暖和制冷设备，以及涵盖更大能源需求的系统，例如城市、一个国家，甚至一个大陆。随着能源系统经过几个世纪的发展，我们构建这些系统的方式会经历受环境条件影响的变化。最近，对传统化石能源的可用性及其环境影响的担忧正在彻底改变能源系统的规划、设计和运营方式。