Hyaline articular cartilage lacks blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves and is characterised by limited self-repair ability following injury. Traditional techniques of articular cartilage repair and regeneration all have certain limitations. The development of tissue engineering technology has brought hope to the regeneration of articular cartilage. The strategies of tissue-engineered articular cartilage can be divided into three types: “cell-scaffold construct,” cell-free, and scaffold-free. In “cell-scaffold construct” strategies, seed cells can be autologous chondrocytes or stem. Among them, some commercial products with autologous chondrocytes as seed cells, such as BioSeed®-C and CaReS®, have been put on the market and some products are undergoing clinical trials, such as NOVOCART® 3D. The stem cells are mainly pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells from different sources. Cell-free strategies that indirectly utilize the repair and regeneration potential of stem cells have also been used in clinical settings, such as TruFit and MaioRegen. Finally, the scaffold-free strategy is also a new development direction, and the short-term repair results of related products, such as NOVOCART® 3D, are encouraging. In this paper, the commonly used techniques of articular cartilage regeneration in surgery are reviewed. By studying different strategies and different seed cells, the clinical application status of tissue-engineered articular cartilage is described in detail.

中文翻译：

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关节软骨再生技术的临床应用现状：组织工程软骨带来新希望。

透明关节软骨缺乏血管，淋巴管和神经，其特点是受伤后自我修复能力有限。传统的关节软骨修复和再生技术都有一定的局限性。组织工程技术的发展为关节软骨的再生带来了希望。组织工程性关节软骨的策略可分为三种类型：“细胞支架构建体”，“无细胞”和“无支架”。在“细胞支架构建体”策略中，种子细胞可以是自体软骨细胞或干细胞。其中，一些以自体软骨细胞为种子细胞的商业产品，例如BioSeed®-C和CaReS®，已经投放市场，并且一些产品正在进行临床试验，例如NOVOCART®3D。干细胞主要是来自不同来源的多能干细胞和间充质干细胞。间接利用干细胞修复和再生潜能的无细胞策略也已在临床环境中使用，例如TruFit和MaioRegen。最后，无支架策略也是一个新的发展方向，相关产品（如NOVOCART®3D）的短期维修成果令人鼓舞。本文综述了外科手术中常用的关节软骨再生技术。通过研究不同的策略和不同的种子细胞，详细描述了组织工程化关节软骨的临床应用现状。间接利用干细胞修复和再生潜能的无细胞策略也已在临床环境中使用，例如TruFit和MaioRegen。最后，无支架策略也是一个新的发展方向，相关产品（如NOVOCART®3D）的短期维修成果令人鼓舞。本文综述了外科手术中常用的关节软骨再生技术。通过研究不同的策略和不同的种子细胞，详细描述了组织工程化关节软骨的临床应用现状。间接利用干细胞修复和再生潜能的无细胞策略也已在临床环境中使用，例如TruFit和MaioRegen。最后，无支架策略也是一个新的发展方向，相关产品（如NOVOCART®3D）的短期维修成果令人鼓舞。本文综述了手术中常用的关节软骨再生技术。通过研究不同的策略和不同的种子细胞，详细描述了组织工程化关节软骨的临床应用现状。综述了外科手术中常用的关节软骨再生技术。通过研究不同的策略和不同的种子细胞，详细描述了组织工程化关节软骨的临床应用现状。综述了外科手术中常用的关节软骨再生技术。通过研究不同的策略和不同的种子细胞，详细描述了组织工程化关节软骨的临床应用现状。