The technology of tissue engineering is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field of science that elevates cell-based research from 2D cultures through organoids to whole bionic organs. 3D bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip approaches through generation of three-dimensional cultures at different scales, applied separately or combined, are widely used in basic studies, drug screening and regenerative medicine. They enable analyses of tissue-like conditions that yield much more reliable results than monolayer cell cultures. Annually, millions of animals worldwide are used for preclinical research. Therefore, the rapid assessment of drug efficacy and toxicity in the early stages of preclinical testing can significantly reduce the number of animals, bringing great ethical and financial benefits. In this review, we describe 3D bioprinting techniques and first examples of printed bionic organs. We also present the possibilities of microfluidic systems, based on the latest reports. We demonstrate the pros and cons of both technologies and indicate their use in the future of medicine.

中文翻译：

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人工器官开发的新策略：医学的未来是什么？

组织工程技术是一个快速发展的跨学科科学领域，它将基于细胞的研究从二维培养、类器官提升到整个仿生器官。3D生物打印和器官芯片方法通过生成不同尺度的三维培养物，单独或组合应用，广泛应用于基础研究、药物筛选和再生医学。它们能够对组织样条件进行分析，从而产生比单层细胞培养更可靠的结果。每年，全世界有数百万动物被用于临床前研究。因此，在临床前试验的早期阶段快速评估药物疗效和毒性可以显着减少动物数量，带来巨大的伦理和经济效益。在这篇综述中，我们描述了 3D 生物打印技术和打印仿生器官的第一个例子。我们还根据最新报告介绍了微流体系统的可能性。我们展示了这两种技术的优缺点，并指出它们在未来医学中的用途。