Climate change is causing soil salinization, resulting in crop losses throughout the world. The ability of plants to tolerate salt stress is determined by multiple biochemical and molecular pathways. Here we discuss physiological, biochemical, and cellular modulations in plants in response to salt stress. Knowledge of these modulations can assist in assessing salt tolerance potential and the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in plants. Salinity-induced cellular damage is highly correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species, ionic imbalance, osmotic damage, and reduced relative water content. Accelerated antioxidant activities and osmotic adjustment by the formation of organic and inorganic osmolytes are significant and effective salinity tolerance mechanisms for crop plants. In addition, polyamines improve salt tolerance by regulating various physiological mechanisms, including rhizogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, maintenance of cell pH, and ionic homeostasis. This research project focuses on three strategies to augment salinity tolerance capacity in agricultural crops: salinity-induced alterations in signaling pathways; signaling of phytohormones, ion channels, and biosensors; and expression of ion transporter genes in crop plants (especially in comparison to halophytes).

中文翻译：

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盐胁迫对植物生长发育的生理生化影响的认识

气候变化正在导致土壤盐碱化，导致全世界的农作物损失。植物耐受盐胁迫的能力由多种生物化学和分子途径决定。在这里，我们讨论了植物对盐胁迫的生理，生化和细胞调节作用。这些调节的知识可以帮助评估潜在的耐盐性和植物耐盐性的机制。盐度引起的细胞损伤与活性氧的产生，离子失衡，渗透损伤和相对含水量降低高度相关。通过形成有机和无机渗透物来加速抗氧化剂活性和渗透调节是作物植物重要且有效的盐分耐受机制。此外，多胺通过调节多种生理机制来改善盐耐受性，包括根际发生，体细胞胚发生，维持细胞pH值和离子稳态。该研究项目侧重于三种提高农作物盐分耐受能力的策略：盐分引起的信号传导途径改变；植物激素，离子通道和生物传感器的信号传递；和离子转运蛋白基因在农作物中的表达（尤其是与盐生植物相比）。