Grapholita molesta, the oriental fruit moth, is a serious global pest of many Rosaceae fruit trees. Gut microorganisms play important roles in host nutrition, digestion, detoxification, and resistance to pathogens. However, there are few studies on the microbiota of G. molesta, particularly during metamorphosis. Here, the diversity of gut microbiota across the holometabolous life cycle of G. molesta was investigated comprehensively by Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the microbiota associated with eggs had a high number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). OTU and species richness in early-instar larvae (first and second instars) were significantly higher than those in late-instar larvae (third to fifth instars). Species richness increased again in male pupae and adults, apparently during the process of metamorphosis, compared to late-instar larvae. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla in the gut and underwent notable changes during metamorphosis. At the genus level, gut microbial community shifts from Gluconobacter and Pantoea in early-instar larvae to Enterococcus and Enterobacter in late-instar larvae and to Serratia in pupae were apparent, in concert with host developmental changes. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analyses confirmed the differences in the structure of gut microbiota across different developmental stages. In addition, sex-dependent bacterial community differences were observed. Microbial interaction network analysis showed different correlations among intestinal microbes at each developmental stage of G. molesta, which may result from the different abundance and diversity of gut microbiota at different life stages. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis indicated that most functional prediction categories of gut microbiota were related to membrane transport, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and DNA replication and repair. Bacteria isolated by conventional culture-dependent methods belonged to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, which was consistent with high-throughput sequencing results. In conclusion, exploration of gut bacterial community composition in the gut of G. molesta should shed light into deeper understanding about the intricate associations between microbiota and host and might provide clues to the development of novel pest management strategies against fruit borers.

Grapholita痣东方果蛾是许多蔷薇科果树的严重全球害虫。肠道微生物在宿主营养，消化，排毒和对病原体的抵抗力中起重要作用。但是，关于of的微生物群的研究很少。G.摩尔斯塔，尤其是在变态期间。在这里，肠道菌群在整个生命周期中的多样性G.摩尔斯塔通过Illumina高通量测序技术进行了全面研究。结果表明，与卵相关的微生物群具有大量的操作分类单位（OTU）。早熟幼虫（第一和第二龄）的OTU和物种丰富度显着高于晚熟幼虫（第三至第五龄）。与晚龄幼虫相比，雄性up和成虫的物种丰富度再次增加，显然在变态过程中。变形杆菌期间，变形杆菌和硬毛菌是肠道中的主要菌群，并且发生了显着变化。在属水平上，肠道微生物群落从葡糖杆菌 和 潘托亚 在初龄幼虫中 肠球菌 和 肠杆菌 在后期的幼虫和 沙雷氏菌host的生长很明显，与宿主的发育变化一致。主坐标分析（PCoA）和线性判别分析效果大小（LEfSe）分析确认了肠道菌群在不同发育阶段的结构差异。另外，观察到性别依赖性细菌群落差异。微生物相互作用网络分析显示肠道微生物在每个发育阶段的不同相关性。G.摩尔斯塔可能是由于不同生命阶段肠道菌群的丰富度和多样性不同所致。通过观察不到国家的重建进行的系统进化研究（PICRUSt）表明，肠道菌群的大多数功能预测类别均与膜运输，碳水化合物和氨基酸代谢以及DNA复制和修复有关。通过常规的依赖于培养物的方法分离出的细菌属于变形杆菌，硬毛菌和放线菌，与高通量测序结果一致。综上所述，探讨了肠道内肠道细菌群落的组成。G.摩尔斯塔 应该使人们对微生物群和寄主之间的复杂联系有更深入的了解，并可能为开发针对果bore的新型害虫管理策略提供线索。