In this paper, damage indicators are presented for bridges based on measured data collected under uncontrolled traffic conditions. The test bridge considered is a small stiff concrete culvert with low dynamics, making it suboptimal for monitoring with accelerometers. Largely static strain responses are measured, with the variability in the vehicle weights and configurations addressed by handling the data in statistical terms. Continuously recorded temperature data are used in an alternative and innovative way to validate damage indicators. Temperature change causes stiffness change in concrete structures. It is posited that temperature can be used as a proxy for bridge damage as, while the effects are clearly different, both cause changes in flexural rigidity and therefore in bridge response to load. It is demonstrated here, using field data, that the damage indicators are sensitive to temperature change. Strain and temperature data for a 2‐year period are obtained for a culvert bridge in Slovenia. The defined damage indicators are calculated for the strain data and validated using the simultaneously recorded temperature data. Two ways of using the proposed damage indicators together with the information about temperature for bridge structural health monitoring (SHM) are also presented: one is including the mean and standard deviation of the damage indicators and a compensation for the temperature effect and another to obtain directly the modified Z score, which is used for identifying outliers, and draw a 2D risk map having damage indicator and temperature on the two axes.

中文翻译：

---

使用温度作为损坏代用的桥梁健康监测系统的验证

在本文中，基于在不受控制的交通条件下收集的测量数据，提出了桥梁的损坏指标。所考虑的测试桥是一个小型的刚性混凝土涵洞，具有较低的动力，因此对于使用加速度计进行监视来说不是最佳选择。可以测量大部分静态应变响应，并通过以统计方式处理数据来解决车辆重量和配置的变化。连续记录的温度数据以替代和创新的方式用于验证损坏指标。温度变化会引起混凝土结构的刚度变化。假定温度可以用作桥梁损坏的替代指标，因为虽然影响明显不同，但两者都会引起抗弯刚度的变化，因此也会引起桥梁对载荷的响应。此处使用现场数据进行了演示，损坏指示器对温度变化敏感。获得了斯洛文尼亚一座涵洞桥在2年期间的应变和温度数据。为应变数据计算定义的损伤指标，并使用同时记录的温度数据进行验证。还提出了两种使用建议的损伤指标以及有关温度的信息进行桥梁结构健康监测（SHM）的方法：一种是包括损伤指标的均值和标准差以及温度效应的补偿，另一种是直接获得修改后的 为应变数据计算定义的损坏指标，并使用同时记录的温度数据进行验证。还提出了两种使用建议的损伤指标以及有关温度的信息进行桥梁结构健康监测（SHM）的方法：一种是包括损伤指标的均值和标准差以及温度效应的补偿，另一种是直接获得修改后的 为应变数据计算定义的损伤指标，并使用同时记录的温度数据进行验证。还提出了两种使用建议的损伤指标以及有关温度的信息进行桥梁结构健康监测（SHM）的方法：一种是包括损伤指标的均值和标准差以及温度效应的补偿，另一种是直接获得修改后的Z分数，用于识别异常值，并绘制二维风险图，在两个轴上均具有损坏指示符和温度。