Immune checkpoint blockade therapies that target CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 have ushered in a new era of cancer treatment. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients demonstrated primary or acquired resistance. Harnessing gut microbiota has been an emerging novel therapeutic strategy to overcome resistance. Here we summarized the current research status of gut microbiota in immune checkpoint blockade therapies, clinical trials, underlying mechanisms and challenges of microbiome research in checkpoint immunotherapy. Findings from preclinical models, standardized microbiome analysis and progress of multi-omic approaches may better disclose the interaction between gut microbiota and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and traditional Chinese medicine can be a potential microbiome modulator to sensitize the response to ICIs.

针对 CTLA-4 和 PD-1/PD-L1 的免疫检查点阻断疗法开创了癌症治疗的新时代。然而，很大一部分患者表现出原发性或获得性耐药。利用肠道微生物群已成为克服耐药性的新兴治疗策略。在这里，我们总结了免疫检查点阻断疗法中肠道微生物群的研究现状、临床试验、检查点免疫疗法中微生物组研究的潜在机制和挑战。临床前模型、标准化微生物组分析和多组学方法的进展可能更好地揭示肠道微生物群与免疫检查点抑制剂 (ICIs) 之间的相互作用，而中药可能是一种潜在的微生物组调节剂，可提高对 ICI 的反应。