Relapse remains the worst life-threatening complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), whose prognosis has been historically dismal. Given the rapid development of genomics and immunotherapies, the interference strategies for AML recurrence have been changing these years. More and more novel targeting agents that have received the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for de novo AML treatment have been administrated in the salvage or maintenance therapy of post-HSCT relapse. Targeted strategies that regulate the immune microenvironment of and optimize the graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect of immune cells are gradually improved. Such agents not only have been proven to achieve clinical benefits from a single drug, but if combined with classic therapies, can significantly improve the poor prognosis of AML patients who relapse after allo-HSCT. This review will focus on currently available and promising upcoming agents and also discuss the challenges and limitations of targeted therapies in the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation community.

复发仍然是急性髓系白血病（AML）患者异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后最严重的危及生命的并发症，其预后历来令人沮丧。鉴于基因组学和免疫疗法的快速发展，近年来针对AML复发的干扰策略一直在发生变化。越来越多获得美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）批准用于从头治疗AML的新型靶向药物已用于HSCT后复发的挽救或维持治疗。调节免疫微环境、优化免疫细胞移植物抗白血病（GVL）效应的靶向策略逐渐完善。此类药物不仅已被证明可以从单一药物中获得临床益处，而且如果与经典疗法联合使用，可以显着改善allo-HSCT后复发的AML患者的不良预后。本综述将重点关注当前可用的和有前途的即将推出的药物，并讨论同种异体造血干细胞移植领域靶向治疗的挑战和局限性。