Abstract Hard carbon is the most promising anode for sodium-ion battery applications due to the wide availability and low work voltage. However, it often delivers worse electrochemical performance in ester-based electrolytes. Herein, a hierarchically porous loose sponge-like hard carbon with a highly disordered phase, prepared from the biomass of platanus bark, exhibits superior rate performance with a capacity of 165 mAh·g −1 at a high current of 1 A·g −1 , and high retention of 71.5% after 2000 cycles in an ester-based electrolyte. The effect of the hierarchically porous loose sponge-like structure on the formation dynamics of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and related properties, was studied via cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. These results reveal that the hierarchically porous structure can construct continued connecting channels and accelerate the electrolyte transport, which is beneficial to the reaction kinetics of SEI. Moreover, the mesoporous structure is conducive to good contact between electrolyte and materials and shortens the Na + diffusion path, which in turn facilitates the charge transfer kinetics in the material. Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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分层多孔硬碳使完整的固体电解质界面成为钠离子电池的坚固阳极

摘要 硬碳因其广泛的可用性和低工作电压而成为钠离子电池应用中最有前途的负极。然而，它通常在酯基电解质中提供较差的电化学性能。在此，由桔梗皮生物质制备的具有高度无序相的分层多孔松散海绵状硬碳在1 A·g -1 的高电流下表现出优异的倍率性能，容量为165 mAh·g -1 ，并且在酯基电解质中循环 2000 次后保持率高达 71.5%。通过循环伏安法 (CV)、恒电流间歇滴定技术 (GITT)、X 射线光电子能谱仪研究了分层多孔松散海绵状结构对固体电解质中间相 (SEI) 形成动力学和相关性质的影响。 XPS), 傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 和电化学阻抗光谱 (EIS) 分析。这些结果表明，分层多孔结构可以构建连续的连接通道并加速电解质传输，这有利于 SEI 的反应动力学。此外，介孔结构有利于电解质和材料之间的良好接触，缩短 Na + 扩散路径，从而促进材料中的电荷转移动力学。图形摘要 介孔结构有利于电解质和材料之间的良好接触，缩短 Na + 扩散路径，从而促进材料中的电荷转移动力学。图形摘要 介孔结构有利于电解质和材料之间的良好接触，缩短 Na + 扩散路径，从而促进材料中的电荷转移动力学。图形摘要