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Shrubs and Degraded Permafrost Pave the Way for Tree Establishment in Subarctic Peatlands
Ecosystems ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-30 , DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00523-6
Juul Limpens , Thijs P. M. Fijen , Iris Keizer , Johan Meijer , Fanny Olsthoorn , Ana Pereira , Roel Postma , Mariette Suyker , Harri Vasander , Milena Holmgren

Arctic and subarctic ecosystems are changing rapidly in species composition and functioning as they warm twice as fast as the global average. It has been suggested that tree-less boreal landscapes may shift abruptly to tree-dominated states as climate warms. Yet, we insufficiently understand the conditions and mechanisms underlying tree establishment in the subarctic and arctic regions to anticipate how climate change may further affect ecosystem structure and functioning. We conducted a field experiment to assess the role of permafrost presence, micro-topography and shrub canopy on tree establishment in almost tree-less subarctic peatlands of northern Finland. We introduced seeds and seedlings of four tree-line species and monitored seedling survival and environmental conditions for six growing seasons. Our results show that once seedlings have emerged, the absence of permafrost can enhance early tree seedling survival, but shrub cover is the most important driver of subsequent tree seedling survival in subarctic peatlands. Tree seedling survival was twice as high under an intact shrub canopy than in open conditions after shrub canopy removal. Under unclipped control conditions, seedling survival was positively associated with dense shrub canopies for half of the tree species studied. These strong positive interactions between shrubs and trees may facilitate the transition from today’s treeless subarctic landscapes towards tree-dominated states. Our results suggest that climate warming may accelerate this vegetation shift as permafrost is lost, and shrubs further expand across the subarctic.



中文翻译:

灌木和退化的永冻土为亚北极泥炭地树木的建立铺平了道路

北极和亚北极生态系统的物种组成和功能正在迅速变化,它们变暖的速度是全球平均水平的两倍。已经提出,随着气候变暖,无树的北方景观可能突然转变为以树为主的状态。然而,我们不足以了解北极和北极地区树种建立的条件和机制,无法预测气候变化将如何进一步影响生态系统的结构和功能。我们进行了一项野外实验,以评估多年冻土的存在,微观地形和灌木冠层在芬兰北部几乎没有树木的亚北极泥炭地中树木建立中的作用。我们引入了四种林木种的种子和幼苗,并监测了六个生长季节的幼苗存活和环境条件。我们的结果表明,一旦出苗,永久冻土的缺乏可以提高早期树木幼苗的存活率,但是灌木覆盖是随后在北极泥炭地中树木幼苗存活的最重要的驱动力。完整的灌木冠层下树木幼苗的存活率是去除灌木冠层后在开放条件下的两倍。在未修剪的控制条件下,一半的树种的幼苗存活与茂密的灌木冠层正相关。灌木和树木之间的这些强烈的积极相互作用可能会促进从当今的无树亚北极地区向树木为主的州过渡。我们的结果表明,随着多年冻土的流失,气候变暖可能会加速这种植被的转移,灌木丛将进一步扩展至整个北极。多年冻土的缺乏可以提高树木幼苗的早期存活率,但是灌木覆盖是北极泥炭地随后树木幼苗存活的最重要驱动因素。完整的灌木冠层下树木幼苗的存活率是去除灌木冠层后在开放条件下的两倍。在未修剪的控制条件下,一半的树种的幼苗存活与茂密的灌木冠层正相关。灌木和树木之间的这些强烈的积极相互作用可能会促进从当今的无树亚北极地区向树木为主的州过渡。我们的结果表明,随着多年冻土的流失,气候变暖可能会加速这种植被的转移,灌木丛将进一步扩展至整个北极。多年冻土的缺乏可以提高树木幼苗的早期存活率,但是灌木覆盖是北极泥炭地随后树木幼苗存活的最重要驱动因素。完整的灌木冠层下树木幼苗的存活率是去除灌木冠层后在开放条件下的两倍。在未修剪的控制条件下,一半的树种的幼苗存活与茂密的灌木冠层正相关。灌木和树木之间的这些强烈的积极相互作用可能会促进从当今的无树亚北极地区向树木为主的州过渡。我们的研究结果表明,随着多年冻土的流失,气候变暖可能会加速这种植被转移,并且灌木丛将进一步扩展至整个北极。但是灌木覆盖是北极泥炭地随后树木幼苗存活的最重要驱动力。完整的灌木冠层下树木幼苗的存活率是去除灌木冠层后在开放条件下的两倍。在未修剪的控制条件下,一半的树种的幼苗存活与茂密的灌木冠层正相关。灌木和树木之间的这些强烈的积极相互作用可能会促进从当今的无树亚北极地区向树木为主的州过渡。我们的研究结果表明,随着多年冻土的流失,气候变暖可能会加速这种植被转移,并且灌木丛将进一步扩展至整个北极。但是灌木覆盖是北极泥炭地随后树木幼苗存活的最重要驱动力。在完整的灌木冠层下,树木幼苗的存活率是去除灌木冠层后在开放条件下的两倍。在未修剪的控制条件下,一半的树种的幼苗存活与茂密的灌木冠层正相关。灌木和树木之间的这些强烈的积极相互作用可能会促进从当今的无树亚北极地区向树木为主的州过渡。我们的研究结果表明,随着多年冻土的流失,气候变暖可能会加速这种植被转移,并且灌木丛将进一步扩展至整个北极。在研究的一半树木中,幼苗的存活与茂密的灌木冠层成正相关。灌木和树木之间的这些强烈的积极相互作用可能会促进从当今的无树亚北极地区向树木为主的州过渡。我们的结果表明,随着多年冻土的流失,气候变暖可能会加速这种植被的转移,灌木丛将进一步扩展至整个北极。在研究的一半树木中,幼苗的存活与茂密的灌木冠层成正相关。灌木和树木之间的这些强烈的积极相互作用可能会促进从当今的无树亚北极地区向树木为主的州过渡。我们的结果表明,随着多年冻土的流失,气候变暖可能会加速这种植被的转移,灌木丛将进一步扩展至整个北极。

更新日期:2020-06-30
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