Abstract

Despite the considerable interest of many researchers in the Celastrales order, which is largely due to the great diversity of structural features and almost cosmopolitan distribution (except for some arid regions), no comprehensive biomorphological analysis of its representatives has been undertaken so far. The goal of this work is to analyze the structural and rhythmological features of shoots and shoot systems (vegetative and reproductive) of representatives of the Celastrales order, the volume of which is accepted according to the latest data of molecular phylogenetics (APG IV). The main working tool of such an analysis is the concept of architectural models. Among the studied representatives of the order, the following architectural models are identified (Hallé et al., 1978): Rauh, Attims, Champagnat, Mangenot, Scarrone, Stone, McClure, and Tomlinson. The shoot systems belong to three types: (1) polycarpic polycyclic with monopodial or acrosympodial growth and intercalary or pseudoterminal inflorescences with an orthotropic, plagiotropic, and/or mixed orientation of shoots in space and with sylleptic and proleptic shoots at the rhythm of development; (2) monocarpic mono- and dicyclic and terminal inflorescences; and (3) monocarpic monocyclic—once blooming, with sympodial growth and terminal inflorescences and with elongated or shortened shoots. In all these cases, the nature of the blooming of flowers is basipetal. For herbaceous and semiwood representatives (Parnassia, Stackhousioideae), models of shoot formation revealed by Russian biomorphologists are also used (Serebryakova, 1981): monopodial rosette (generative shoots monocarpic monocyclic, with single flowers, and terminal) and sympodial semirosette (generative shoots are monocarpic monocyclic, but with acropetal blooming of flowers in the inflorescence). The taxon as a whole is characterized by the formation of axillary complexes very different in structure and rhythms of development, which allows successfully using these features in characterizing individual species and in establishing evolutionary trends. Thus, for representatives of the Celastrales order, the structural diversity of shoot systems has been revealed which is the basis for the formation of different biomorphs. A high degree of ecological and morphological plasticity is manifested in the individual and intraspecific polymorphism of shoots, the dependence of the ratio of different types of shoots on environmental conditions, the possibility of changing the model during ontogenesis, and the formation of models of transitional character (Celastrus, Tripterygium). The possibility of rapid transformation of the entire shoot system under extreme environmental conditions by the example of the genus Parnassia and the subfamily Stackhousioideae is shown.

中文翻译：

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ast阶代表的建筑分析：与物种适应不同环境条件相关的枝条发育的结构和节奏

摘要

尽管许多研究人员对Celastrales秩序颇有兴趣，这在很大程度上是由于结构特征的多样性和几乎世界性的分布（某些干旱地区除外），但迄今为止，尚未对其代表进行全面的生物形态学分析。这项工作的目的是分析代表天青石阶的芽和芽系统（营养和生殖）的结构和节律特征，其数量根据最新的分子系统学数据（APG IV）被接受。这种分析的主要工作工具是建筑模型的概念。在研究的订单代表中，确定了以下建筑模型（Hallé等人，1978年）：Rauh，Attims，Champagnat，Mangenot，Scarrone，Stone，McClure，和汤姆林森。芽系统分为三种类型：（1）多掌多环，单足或顶生生长，并且在空间中具有直生，斜生和/或混合取向的cal间或假末端花序，并且在发育节律上具有节状和多生芽。（2）单掌的单环和双环和顶生花序；（3）单掌单环—一次开花，有鳞茎生长和顶生花序，并且芽伸长或缩短。在所有这些情况下，鲜花盛开的本质都是基状的。对于草木和半木代表（和/或芽在空间中的混合定向，以及在发育节律中具有音节和多芽的芽；（2）单掌的单环和双环和顶生花序；（3）单掌单环—一次开花，有鳞茎生长和顶生花序，并且芽伸长或缩短。在所有这些情况下，鲜花盛开的本质都是基状的。对于草木和半木代表（和/或芽在空间中的混合定向，以及在发育节律中具有音节和多芽的芽；（2）单掌的单环和双环和顶生花序；（3）单掌单环—一次开花，有茎生花和顶生花序，并且芽伸长或缩短。在所有这些情况下，鲜花盛开的本质都是基状的。对于草木和半木代表（妄想症，Stackhousioideae），还使用了俄罗斯生物形态学家揭示的枝条形成模型（Serebryakova，1981）：单足莲座丛（单生的单生和单生，单生的终生芽）和交足半瓣状（单生的单掌的，但有顶生的绽放）花序中的花朵）。整个分类单元的特征是形成的腋窝复合物在结构和发育节奏上有很大的不同，从而可以成功地利用这些特征表征单个物种并建立进化趋势。因此，对于Celastrales阶的代表，已经揭示了芽系统的结构多样性，这是形成不同生物形态的基础。南蛇藤，雷公藤）。由属的例子极端环境条件下的整个拍摄系统的快速转变的可能性梅花被示出和亚科Stackhousioideae。