This paper looks at possible innovations to reduce the environmental impact of underground construction. For example, the concrete and steel reinforcement in sprayed concrete linings are two of the largest contributors to the embodied carbon dioxide of tunnels and underground spaces. Improvements can be made by either replacing materials or changing the design. However, substituting materials and components for ‘greener’ ones offers only limited gains. Adopting new designs offers the greatest advances but, like all innovations, these face opposition due to their lack of performance data, codes and standards. To improve the sustainability of underground construction, clients need to take a more open approach to innovative methods and products that have lower environmental impacts.

中文翻译：

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通过创新实现地下建筑的可持续性

本文探讨了减少地下建筑对环境影响的可能创新。例如，喷涂混凝土衬砌中的混凝土和钢筋是隧道和地下空间所含二氧化碳的两个最大贡献者。可以通过更换材料或更改设计来进行改进。但是，用材料和组件替代“绿色”的组件只会带来有限的收益。采用新设计可提供最大的进步，但与所有创新一样，由于缺乏性能数据，代码和标准，这些创新也面临着反对。为了提高地下建筑的可持续性，客户需要对环境影响较小的创新方法和产品采取更加开放的方法。