This study compares participants’ performance in extracting information from three-dimensional pie charts with individually extruded sectors in a single map frame against two-dimensional pie and bar charts in adjacent map frames. Specifically, we examine the response accuracy and response times of 181 adults who were asked to (1) identify the highest magnitude, (2) estimate a proportion, (3) perform both at the same time, and (4) solve a map-related task using the two chart setups. For each task, charts were shown on backgrounds with increasing visual complexity: a blank, a borders-only, and a choropleth map. Furthermore, we tested whether participants’ performance improved through additional practice with the two chart types. We did not observe any differences in participants’ aggregated response accuracy or response times between the tested three-dimensional and two-dimensional chart types for the (1) highest magnitude task and (2) proportion task. However, participants solved the (3) combination task with two-dimensional pie and bar charts on a blank background more accurately and were faster in fulfilling the (4) spatial task with three-dimensional pie charts. The first difference, however, leveled for participants who gained more practice and who accomplished the combination task on maps with higher visual complexity, whereas the second difference persisted even for more trained subjects.

中文翻译：

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地理可视化背景下具有单独挤压扇区的三维饼图的实证评估

本研究比较了参与者从单个地图框中具有单独挤压扇区的三维饼图中提取信息的表现与相邻地图框中的二维饼图和条形图的表现。具体来说，我们检查了 181 名成年人的响应准确性和响应时间，他们被要求 (1) 确定最高震级，(2) 估计一个比例，(3) 同时执行，以及 (4) 解决一个地图-使用两个图表设置的相关任务。对于每项任务，图表都显示在视觉复杂度不断增加的背景上：空白、仅边框和等值线图。此外，我们测试了参与者的表现是否通过两种图表类型的额外练习得到改善。对于 (1) 最高量级任务和 (2) 比例任务，我们没有观察到参与者在测试的三维和二维图表类型之间的聚合响应准确度或响应时间有任何差异。然而，参与者在空白背景下更准确地解决了（3）与二维饼图和条形图的组合任务，并且更快地完成了（4）与三维饼图的空间任务。然而，第一个差异适用于获得更多练习并在具有更高视觉复杂度的地图上完成组合任务的参与者，而第二个差异甚至对于训练有素的受试者也存在。参与者在空白背景下更准确地解决了（3）二维饼图和条形图的组合任务，并且更快地完成了（4）三维饼图的空间任务。然而，第一个差异适用于获得更多练习并在具有更高视觉复杂度的地图上完成组合任务的参与者，而第二个差异甚至对于训练有素的受试者也存在。参与者在空白背景下更准确地解决了（3）二维饼图和条形图的组合任务，并且更快地完成了（4）三维饼图的空间任务。然而，第一个差异适用于获得更多练习并在具有更高视觉复杂度的地图上完成组合任务的参与者，而第二个差异甚至对于训练有素的受试者也存在。