Nesting success is defined as the percentage of nests that have at least one chick that successfully fledges from them. In this regard, this study was conducted in the Gangetic plain of district Raebareli (Uttar Pradesh), India, to investigate nesting success, resolve factors affecting the probability of nest failure and identify the predominant nest predators of the river lapwing, Vanellus duvaucelii. The line transect method was adopted to count the nesting pairs, while nesting success was estimated by the Mayfield method. Results revealed that river lapwing nests were not homogeneously distributed at the study sites. The number of nesting pairs significantly diverged at various study sites in different years. Nesting success of river lapwings at all habitat types varied across the year of study from 67.9% in 2016, to 63.6% and 70.1% in 2017 and 2018, respectively. In all years, river lapwing nests on open, unvegetated river banks achieved significantly greater nesting success than those in crop fields. However, nest failure was mainly due to predation (55%) and farming activity (32%). Furthermore, trampling (6%) by domestic cattles such as cows and buffaloes, egg non-viability (4%), human disturbance (2%) and flooding (1%) were reported as other notable factors influencing nest failure. We also found reptiles, birds and mammals as predators of eggs in the study areas. The most common predators were crow, dog, fox and snake. There is little information regarding factors influencing nesting success of river lapwings particularly in India and therefore this study increases our knowledge of this globally near-threatened species. Developing greater understanding of the river lapwing could help us to formulate effective conservation measures for this species.

中文翻译：

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影响河流田鸡筑巢成功的因素，Vanellus duvaucelii（课程，1826）

筑巢成功被定义为至少有一只雏鸟成功从巢中孵出的巢穴的百分比。在这方面，这项研究是在印度 Raebareli（北方邦）恒河平原进行的，旨在调查筑巢成功率、解决影响筑巢失败概率的因素并确定河流田鸡 Vanellus duvaucelii 的主要筑巢捕食者。套料对数采用线段法计算，套料成功率采用Mayfield法估计。结果表明，河流中的田鸡巢穴在研究地点分布不均。不同年份的不同研究地点的筑巢对数量存在显着差异。在所有栖息地类型中，河流田鸡的筑巢成功率在整个研究年份中各不相同，从 2016 年的 67.9% 到 63.6% 和 70%。2017 年和 2018 年分别为 1%。多年来，在开阔的、没有植被的河岸上的河边匍匐筑巢比在农田中筑巢的成功率要高得多。然而，筑巢失败主要是由于捕食 (55%) 和农业活动 (32%)。此外，据报道，奶牛和水牛等家养牛践踏 (6%)、卵子无法存活 (4%)、人为干扰 (2%) 和洪水 (1%) 是影响巢穴失败的其他显着因素。我们还在研究区域发现爬行动物、鸟类和哺乳动物是蛋的捕食者。最常见的捕食者是乌鸦、狗、狐狸和蛇。关于影响河流田鸡筑巢成功的因素的信息很少，特别是在印度，因此这项研究增加了我们对这种全球近危物种的了解。