Charcoal analysis, applied in sediment facies analysis of the Pecora river palaeochannel (Tyrrhenian southern Tuscany, Italy), detected the occurrence of past fire events in two different fluvial landforms at 800–450 BC and again at AD 650–1300. Taking place in a central Mediterranean district adequately studied through palaeoenvironmental and archaeological research, the investigation determined land changes, time phases and socio-economic driving forces involved in dynamic processes of fire. The fire sequences had purely anthropogenic origins and were linked to forest opening and reduction by local communities. Introduced by the Etruscans, fires dated to 800–450 BC involved mainly the forest cover on the hilly slopes, ensuring agricultural exploitation. From AD 650, fires contributed to Medieval upstream reclamation and vegetation clearing of flat swamplands. From AD 850 to 1050, the use of fire spread over a wider area in the river valley, increasing arable lands. Between AD 1150 and 1300, fires belonged to a regional forest clearance phase. Medieval fire episodes had a paramount importance in shaping and determining the character of the Tuscan Mediterranean landscape. From AD 850, Medieval fire clearing influenced regional vegetation history contributing to the decline of the dominant deciduous Quercus woodland. Open habitats became the new form of a clearly detectable agricultural landscape from AD 950. The use of fire clearing and the resulting landscape changes in the Pecora river valley depended on the political strategies adopted by Medieval authorities and marked, in fact, the progression of a cultural landscape still characterizing central Tyrrhenian Italy.

中文翻译：

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塑造地中海景观：铁器时代和中世纪（公元前 800-450 年/公元 650-1300 年）人为火灾对托斯卡纳南部第勒尼安人的文化影响

木炭分析应用于佩科拉河古河道（意大利托斯卡纳南部第勒尼安）的沉积物相分析，检测到了在公元前 800-450 年和公元 650-1300 年两种不同河流地貌中过去发生的火灾事件。调查发生在通过古环境和考古研究充分研究的地中海中部地区，确定了土地变化、时间阶段和火灾动态过程中涉及的社会经济驱动力。火灾序列纯粹是人为原因，与当地社区的森林开放和减少有关。由伊特鲁里亚人引入，可追溯到公元前 800-450 年的火灾主要涉及山坡上的森林覆盖，确保了农业开发。从公元 650 年开始，火灾促成了中世纪上游开垦和平坦沼泽地植被清除。从公元 850 年到 1050 年，火的使用蔓延到河谷的更广阔区域，增加了可耕地。在公元 1150 年至 1300 年之间，火灾属于区域森林清理阶段。中世纪的火灾事件对于塑造和确定托斯卡纳地中海景观的特征至关重要。从公元 850 年起，中世纪的火灾清除影响了区域植被历史，导致了主要落叶栎林地的衰退。从公元 950 年起，开阔的栖息地成为一种清晰可辨的农业景观的新形式。 清除火灾的使用以及 Pecora 河谷由此产生的景观变化取决于中世纪当局采用的政治策略，事实上，