The increasing spread of carbapenem resistance is a serious global public health concern that negatively affects human and animal health. In this study we characterized the carbapenemase production in gram-negative bacteria isolated from different meat and meat products in Egypt. Phenotypic and genotypic susceptibility testing were investigated. Two Enterobacter cloacae complex strains, isolated from kofta and beef burger, and one Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from minced meat, were found to harbor VIM-1 and VIM-2, respectively. These isolates showed multidrug resistance phenotype. The phenotypic carbapenemase production was confirmed with Carba NP test in addition to modified Hodge test, modified carbapenem inactivation method, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid inhibition test. The bla_VIM-1 gene in both non-clonally related E. cloacae complex strains was part of a class 1 integron that also carried other resistance gene cassettes such as aacA7, dfrA1, ΔaadA, and smr. This integron was uncommonly disrupted by the insertion sequence ISPa21, located on a self-conjugative plasmid of either the A/C or HI2 incompatibility group with a size of >93 kb. The bla_VIM-2 gene was identified within a class 1 integron, followed downstream by resistance genes aadB and bla_OXA-10. The transfer of bla_VIM-2 gene from P. aeruginosa failed, suggesting that this gene was located on the chromosome. Further studies are needed to screen the dissemination of carbapenemase-producing bacteria in both the environment and food chain.

中文翻译：

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埃及动物源性食品产碳青霉烯酶阴沟肠杆菌复合物和铜绿假单胞菌的遗传特征

碳青霉烯耐药性的日益蔓延是一个严重的全球公共卫生问题，对人类和动物健康产生负面影响。在这项研究中，我们表征了从埃及不同肉类和肉制品中分离出的革兰氏阴性菌中碳青霉烯酶的产生。研究了表型和基因型易感性测试。从 kofta 和牛肉汉堡中分离出的两种阴沟肠杆菌复合菌株和一种铜绿假单胞菌从碎肉中分离出来的，分别被发现含有 VIM-1 和 VIM-2。这些分离株显示出多药耐药表型。除了改良Hodge试验、改良碳青霉烯灭活法和乙二胺四乙酸抑制试验外，还通过Carba NP试验证实了表型碳青霉烯酶的产生。两种非克隆相关的泄殖腔复杂菌株中的bla _VIM-1基因是 1 类整合子的一部分，该整合子还携带其他抗性基因盒，如aacA7、dfrA1、ΔaadA和smr。该整合子罕见地被插入序列 IS Pa破坏21，位于 A/C 或 HI2 不相容性组的自我结合质粒上，大小 >93 kb。的血乳酸_VIM-2基因被一个类整合内识别，随后抗性基因下游aadB和BLA _OXA-10。从铜绿假单胞菌中转移bla _VIM-2基因失败，表明该基因位于染色体上。需要进一步的研究来筛选产碳青霉烯酶细菌在环境和食物链中的传播。