Generalist invasive predators consume prey at different trophic levels and generate drastic changes in local communities. However, the long-term effects of predation may be reduced by eco-evolutionary responses of native populations. The capacity of prey species distributed across the trophic network to develop antipredator responses may determine the ecosystem potential to buffer against the invader. The African clawed frog is a major invader on several continents. Because of its large size, generalist diet, and aquatic lifestyle, we predicted the development of antipredator responses in prey species at different trophic levels. We tested for behavioral shifts between populations within and outside the invasive range in the herbivorous snail Physella acuta and the predatory heteropteran, the backswimmer Notonecta glauca. We detected antipredator responses in both prey species. In sympatry, P. acuta stayed higher in the water column, while N. glauca spent more time swimming underwater and less time surfacing when the predator cues were present. In allopatry, P. acuta dived deeper and N. glauca spent more time surfacing and stayed longer still underwater. In both species, sympatric populations showed evidence of olfactory recognition of the frog. Our results show that the introduction of a top predator like Xenopus laevis in the pond ecosystem drives behavioral antipredator responses in species across the trophic network. Eco-evolutionary processes may allow some degree of long-term resilience of pond communities to the invasion of X. laevis.

中文翻译：

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入侵性两栖动物在不同营养位置驱动两个猎物的反捕食者反应

通才入侵性掠食者在不同营养级别消耗猎物，并在当地社区产生巨大变化。但是，土著人口的生态进化反应可能会减少捕食的长期影响。分布在营养网络中的猎物产生反捕食者反应的能力可能决定生态系统缓冲入侵者的潜力。非洲爪蛙是几大洲的主要入侵者。由于其体积大，通俗饮食和水生生活方式，我们预测了在不同营养水平下捕食物种中抗捕食者反应的发展。我们测试了食草蜗牛Physella acuta和掠食性异足类动物（backswimmer）侵入范围之内和之外的种群之间的行为转变青冈。我们在两个猎物物种中都检测到了抗捕食者的反应。在同域，P.蚧在水柱住较高，而N.青冈花更多的时间水下游泳和更短的时间时堆焊捕食者线索存在。在异养层中，阿卡塔氏菌（P. acuta）潜入更深，而青枯猪笼草（N. glauca）花更多的时间进行铺面，并在水下停留更长时间。在这两个物种中，同胞种群都显示出对青蛙的嗅觉识别的证据。我们的结果表明，引入了像非洲爪蟾这样的顶级捕食者池塘中的生态系统驱动整个营养网络中物种的行为反捕食者反应。生态进化过程可以使池塘群落对X. laevis的入侵具有一定程度的长期复原力。