Comparative osteology of the penguin‐like mid‐Cenozoic Plotopteridae and the earliest true fossil penguins, with comments on the origins of wing‐propelled diving,Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research

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Comparative osteology of the penguin‐like mid‐Cenozoic Plotopteridae and the earliest true fossil penguins, with comments on the origins of wing‐propelled diving
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-29 , DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12400
Gerald Mayr ₁ , James L. Goedert ₂ , Vanesa L. De Pietri ₃ , R. Paul Scofield ₃

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We compared the osteology of the late Eocene to early Miocene penguin‐like Plotopteridae from the North Pacific Basin with that of Paleocene stem group representatives of the Sphenisciformes and identified previously unrecognized similarities and differences. New data on the osteology of plotopterids, like the shape of the caudal end of the mandible, support a position of plotopterids outside the Suloidea, the clade formed by Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, and Anhingidae. However, as assumed by previous authors, the diving adaptations of plotopterids and sphenisciforms are likely to have evolved independently, and the resemblances in different parts of the postcranial skeleton therefore constitute one of the more striking examples of parallelism among tetrapods. We note that close relatives of both plotopterids and penguins forage by plunge diving. Whereas underwater locomotion of diving birds with a swimming ancestor is usually driven by the feet, we hypothesize that plotopterids and other wing‐propelled divers are more likely to have had volant ancestors that initiated diving by shallow plunges into the sea.

中文翻译：

企鹅状中新生代翼翅科与最早的真正化石企鹅的比较骨学，并附有机翼推动潜水的起源的评论

我们比较了北太平洋盆地始新世晚期至中新世早期企鹅状鳞翅目的骨科与蝶形科的古新世茎群的骨科，并确定了以前无法识别的异同。新的关于鳞翅目骨学的数据，如下颌骨尾端的形状，支持了鳞翅目在loid足类动物，lid科，Ph科和An科形成的进化枝之外的位置。但是，正如以前的作者所假设的，皮下鳍和蝶形的潜水适应可能独立发生，因此后颅骨骨架不同部位的相似性构成了四脚架之间更显着的平行性实例之一。我们注意到，直跳潜水的皮下和企鹅的近亲都在觅食。

更新日期：2020-06-29

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