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On the relative importance of ecology and geographic isolation as drivers for differentiation of call types of red crossbill Loxia curvirostra in the Palearctic
Journal of Avian Biology ( IF 1.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-29 , DOI: 10.1111/jav.02358
Ralph Martin 1 , Julien Rochefort 2 , Roger Mundry 3 , Gernot Segelbacher 1
Affiliation  

Efforts to understand the process of speciation have been central to the research of biologists since the origin of evolutionary biology as a discipline. While it is well established that geographic isolation has played a key role in many speciation events, particularly in birds, there is ongoing debate about how frequent speciation is in the partial or complete absence of geographical isolation. In the red crossbill Loxia curvirostra, good arguments do exist for sympatric speciation processes. In this species, several classes of calls are clustered in distinct groups, so‐called ‘call types', which mate assortatively. Often, several call types can be found at a single site, breeding and feeding next to each other. It has been hypothesized that red crossbill call types evolved by specialising in extracting seeds from cones of different conifer species. Alternatively, call types might have evolved in temporal geographic isolation. Within Europe, little is known about the distribution of the various call types and preferences for distinct food resources. In this study, we analysed the temporal and spatial occurrence of red crossbill call types in the Palearctic, investigated potential reasons for call‐type composition at a site, and compared the occurrence of call types with the fructification of conifers. Call‐type composition changed with site and season but hardly with conifer species. With our data, we could localise range areas of twelve different call types, which cannot be explained by conifer species occurrence. Therefore, we suggest that call types evolved in parapatry in most of the northern Palearctic region, and, although contradictory results exist from Iberia, we argue that differentiation might be driven by the same drivers there as well. Additionally, we discuss the potential influence of anthropogenic changes of forest composition and distribution on call types, which offers a unique possibility for future studies.

中文翻译:

生态学和地理隔离作为区分红十字会Loxia curvirostra呼叫类型的驱动因素的相对重要性

自从进化生物学作为一门学科以来,了解物种形成过程的努力就一直是生物学家研究的中心。众所周知,地理隔离已在许多物种形成事件中发挥了关键作用,尤其是在鸟类中,但人们仍在争论,在部分或完全没有地理隔离的情况下物种形成的频率如何。在红色的犀鸟Loxia curvirostra中,对于同族物种形成过程确实存在良好的论据。在这个物种中,几种类型的呼叫聚集在不同的组中,即所谓的“呼叫类型”,它们相互配合。通常,可以在一个站点上找到几种呼叫类型,彼此繁殖繁殖。据推测,红十字会呼叫类型是通过专门从不同针叶树种的球果中提取种子而进化而来的。备选地,呼叫类型可能已经在时间地理隔离中发展。在欧洲范围内,人们对各种呼叫类型的分布以及对独特食物资源的偏好了解甚少。在这项研究中,我们分析了古猿中红点子电话类型在时间和空间上的发生情况,调查了某个地点电话类型构成的潜在原因,并将通话类型的发生与针叶树的果实化进行了比较。呼叫类型组成随地点和季节而变化,但几乎没有针叶树种。利用我们的数据,我们可以定位十二种不同呼声类型的范围区域,这不能用针叶树种的出现来解释。因此,我们建议在北北半球大部分地区,召唤类型在副牧区中演化,尽管伊比利亚存在相反的结果,但我们认为分化也可能由相同的驱动因素驱动。此外,我们讨论了人为改变组成和分布对呼叫类型的潜在影响,这为将来的研究提供了独特的可能性。我们可以定位十二种不同呼声类型的范围区域,这不能用针叶树种的出现来解释。因此,我们建议在北北半球大部分地区,召唤类型在副牧区中演化,尽管伊比利亚存在相反的结果,但我们认为分化也可能由相同的驱动因素驱动。此外,我们讨论了人为改变组成和分布对呼叫类型的潜在影响,这为将来的研究提供了独特的可能性。我们可以定位十二种不同呼声类型的范围区域,这不能用针叶树种的出现来解释。因此,我们建议在北北半球大部分地区,召唤类型在副牧区中演化,尽管伊比利亚存在相反的结果,但我们认为分化也可能由相同的驱动因素驱动。此外,我们讨论了人为改变组成和分布对呼叫类型的潜在影响,这为将来的研究提供了独特的可能性。我们认为差异化也可能是由相同的驱动因素驱动的。此外,我们讨论了人为改变森林组成和分布对呼叫类型的潜在影响,这为将来的研究提供了独特的可能性。我们认为差异化也可能是由相同的驱动因素驱动的。此外,我们讨论了人为改变森林组成和分布对呼叫类型的潜在影响,这为将来的研究提供了独特的可能性。
更新日期:2020-06-29
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