The aim of this study was to assess phthalate exposure of non-occupationally exposed working aged population in Finland. Studied phthalates included diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BzBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP). Sample collection campaign took place in 2015. Metabolites of DEP, DnBP and DiBP were detected in all the first morning void urine samples of the non-occupationally exposed volunteers (n = 60; 42 women and 18 men; aged 25-63). Metabolite of BBP and secondary metabolites of DEHP and DiNP were detected in >90% of the samples. MCHP (1.7%), MEHP (18.3%), cx-MiNP (8.3%) and MnOP (1.7%) were less frequently detected. MiNP and OH-MPHP were not detected in any of the urine samples. The observed levels were mostly comparable to the levels published in the adult population in Europe and the US. One notable difference was the observed higher exposure of the Finnish study population to DnBP in comparison to the German, Austrian, Norwegian and US populations. The levels of individual phthalates did not often correlate very well with each other. In most cases, higher exposure to phthalates was seen in females in comparison to males, which is in accordance with other studies. The urinary levels were compared to the biomonitoring equivalents (BEs), which were calculated on the basis of published DNELs (derived no-effect levels). The P95 levels of individual phthalates remained below the respective BEs, the highest risk characterization ratio (RCR) being 0.88 for DnBP and the second highest 0.34 for DiBP. For other phthalates, the RCRs were below 0.2. Using the P95 levels, combined exposure to DnBP, DiBP, DEHP and BBP resulted in risk characterization ratio exceeding 1. This suggests a need to limit the exposure to these phthalates.

中文翻译：

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芬兰非职业性接触邻苯二甲酸盐

本研究的目的是评估芬兰非职业暴露的工作老年人口的邻苯二甲酸盐暴露情况。研究的邻苯二甲酸酯包括邻苯二甲酸二乙酯 (DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯 (DnBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯 (DiBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯 (BzBP)、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯 (DCHP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯 (DEHP)、二异壬酯邻苯二甲酸酯 (DiNP)、邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯 (DiDP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-丙基庚基)酯 (DPHP) 和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯 (DnOP)。样本收集活动于 2015 年开展。在所有非职业暴露志愿者（n = 60；42 名女性和 18 名男性；25-63 岁）的所有第一次晨尿样本中均检测到 DEP、DnBP 和 DiBP 的代谢物。在 > 90% 的样品中检测到 BBP 的代谢物以及 DEHP 和 DiNP 的次生代谢物。MCHP (1.7%)、MEHP (18.3%)、cx-MiNP (8.3%) 和 MnOP (1. 7%) 的检测频率较低。在任何尿液样本中均未检测到 MiNP 和 OH-MPHP。观察到的水平与欧洲和美国成年人口中公布的水平大致相当。一个显着的区别是，与德国、奥地利、挪威和美国人群相比，观察到的芬兰研究人群对 DnBP 的暴露更高。各个邻苯二甲酸酯的水平通常彼此之间没有很好的相关性。在大多数情况下，女性与男性相比，邻苯二甲酸盐的暴露量更高，这与其他研究一致。将尿液水平与生物监测当量 (BE) 进行比较，后者是根据已公布的 DNEL（衍生的无影响水平）计算得出的。个别邻苯二甲酸酯的 P95 水平仍低于各自的 BE，DnBP 的最高风险特征比 (RCR) 为 0.88，DiBP 的第二高风险特征比 (RCR) 为 0.34。对于其他邻苯二甲酸酯，RCR 低于 0.2。使用 P95 水平，DnBP、DiBP、DEHP 和 BBP 的组合暴露导致风险表征比率超过 1。这表明需要限制对这些邻苯二甲酸盐的暴露。