Various factors, including those associated with the host and environment, should be considered to further explore the health-promoting effects of probiotics. However, it is important to consider persistence as a basic but crucial factor in the function of probiotics in the gut. To date, few studies have investigated the factors that influence probiotic persistence. To address these challenges, we designed a cohort experiment that included 49 subjects and used the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis V9 to identify intestinal microbiota related to probiotic persistence based on high-throughput amplicon sequencing. All of the subjects were divided into three groups (Persisters, Temporary and Non-Persisters) according to the detected amount of viable Bifidobacterium lactis V9 in their faeces. Accordingly, the intestinal microbiota fluctuations in the Persisters group were significant and persistent, whereas those observed in the Non-Persisters group were limited. At the genus level, up to seven genera changed significantly in Persisters group, whereas only the genus Anaerobacterium changed significantly in Non-Persisters group throughout the experiment. At baseline, we observed highly distinct microbial alpha diversity and taxonomic features between the Persisters and Non-Persisters groups. A total of 12 genera were associated with probiotic persistence, with Bifidobacterium and eight other genera negatively associated with probiotic persistence and Anaerobacterium, Paraprevotella and Erysipelatoclostridium positively associated with probiotic persistence. Based on these potential biomarkers, an “Anti-Engraftment Index” (AEI) was derived to classify and predict probiotic persistence in test and validation cohorts with high accuracy. However, we also observed that the AEI did not work in other probiotic consumption experiments, indicating that the AEI was strain-specific.

应考虑各种因素，包括与宿主和环境有关的因素，以进一步探索益生菌的健康促进作用。但是，将持久性视为肠道益生菌功能的基本但至关重要的因素很重要。迄今为止，很少有研究调查影响益生菌持久性的因素。为了应对这些挑战，我们设计了一项包括49名受试者的队列实验，并使用益生菌乳酸双歧杆菌V9根据高通量扩增子测序来鉴定与益生菌持久性相关的肠道菌群。根据检测到的活双歧杆菌数量将所有受试者分为三类（Persisters，Temporary和Non-Persisters）。V9在其粪便中。因此，Persisters组的肠道菌群波动明显且持续，而非Persisters组的肠道菌群波动有限。在属水平上，在整个实验中，Persisters组中多达7个属发生了显着变化，而Non-Persisters组中只有厌氧菌属发生了显着变化。在基线时，我们观察到Persisters和Non-Persisters组之间的微生物α多样性和分类学特征极为不同。一共有12个属中的用益生菌持久性相关，双歧杆菌等八个属负益生菌持久性和相关联的Anaerobacterium，Paraprevotella和Erysipelatoclostridium与益生菌的持久性正相关。基于这些潜在的生物标志物，得出了“抗嫁接指数”（AEI），可以对测试和验证人群中的益生菌持久性进行分类和预测，并且准确性很高。但是，我们还观察到AEI在其他益生菌消耗实验中不起作用，这表明AEI是菌株特异性的。