A growing number of satellites in the outer solar system likely have global oceans beneath their outer icy shells. While the presence of liquid water makes these ocean worlds compelling astrobiological targets, the exchange of heat and materials between the deep interior and the surface also plays a critical role in promoting habitable environments. In this article, we combine geophysical, geochemical, and geological observations of the Jovian satellites Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto as well as the Saturnian satellites Enceladus and Titan to summarize our current state of understanding of their interiors and surface exchange processes. Potential mechanisms for driving exchange processes upward from the ocean floor and downward from the satellite surface are then reviewed, which are primarily based on numerical models of ice shell and ocean dynamics and complemented by terrestrial analog studies. Future missions to explore these exo-oceans will further revolutionize our understanding of ice-ocean exchange processes and their implications for the habitability of these worlds.

中文翻译：

---

木星和土星卫星中的冰海交换过程

外太阳系中越来越多的卫星可能在其冰壳下有全球海洋。虽然液态水的存在使这些海洋世界成为引人注目的天体生物学目标，但深层内部和地表之间的热量和物质交换也在促进宜居环境方面发挥着关键作用。在本文中，我们结合了木星卫星 Europa、Ganymede 和 Callisto 以及土星卫星 Enceladus 和 Titan 的地球物理、地球化学和地质观测，总结了我们目前对其内部和表面交换过程的理解状态。然后审查从洋底向上和从卫星表面向下驱动交换过程的潜在机制，其主要基于冰壳和海洋动力学的数值模型，并辅以陆地模拟研究。未来探索这些外洋的任务将进一步彻底改变我们对冰洋交换过程及其对这些世界宜居性影响的理解。